UC-NRLF 


i  ; 


B    M7 


OUTLINES  AND   STUDIES 

TO  ACCOMPANY 

MYERS'  MEDIEVAL  AND  MODERN 
HISTORY 


STUDENTS'  NOTEBOOK 
WITH  OUTLINE  MAPS 


BY 


LGRE  ;CK  E.  LEADBETTER 


GINN  &  COMPANY 

BOSTON  •  NEW   YORK  •  CHICAGO  •  LONDON 


GIFT    OF 
JANE  KoSATHER 


OUTLINES   AND   STUDIES 


TO    ACCOMPANY 


MYERS'    MEDIEVAL  AND   MODERN 

HISTORY 


A   STUDENTS"  NOTEBOOK 
WITH  OUTLINE  MAPS 


BY 

FLORENCE   E.   LEADBETTER 

4   • 

ROXBURY  HIGH  SCHOOL,  BOSTON 


GINN  &  COMPANY 

BOSTON    •   NEW  YORK   .   CHICAGO   •   LONDON 


a, 
\ 


COPYRIGHT,  1907 
BY  GINN  &  COMPANY 


ALL    RIGHTS    RESERVED 


GINN   &   COMPANY  •  PRO- 
PRIETORS •  BOSTON  •  U.S.A. 


CONTENTS 

OUTLINES  AND  STUDIES  IN  MEDLEVAL  HISTORY 

Outline  of  Mediaeval  History 

General  Introduction  ......... 

he  Barbarian  Kingdoms    .  

Church  and  its  Institutions 

The  Fusion  of  Latin  and  Teuton 

The  Roman  Empire  in  the  East  ...... 

The  Rise  of  Islam 

Charlemagne  and  his  Empire       .         ... 

The  Northmen  :   Coming  of  the  Vikings       ..... 

Feudalism  and  Chivalry       ........ 

The  Normans  in  the  Tenth  and  Eleventh  Centuries     . 
The  Papacy  and  the  Empire  to  1122    . 

The  Crusades 

The  Church  and  the  State  (1122-1431) 

The  Life  and  Culture  of  the  Middle  Ages 

The  Growth  of  England  to  1 500 

France  under  the  Capetians  and  the  Valois  to  1498     . 

The  Rise  of  Spain       ......... 

Growth  of  the  German  Nation  to  1519 

Mediaeval  Italy 

Northern  and  Eastern  Europe  to  1 500          ..... 
The  Renaissance          ......... 

Studies  on  the  Middle  Ages 

Chronology  of  the  Middle  Ages  ....... 

OUTLINES  AND  STUDIES  ON  THE  MODERN  AGE 

Outline  of  Modern  History 

Discovery  and  Colonization  in  the  Fifteenth  and  Sixteenth  Centuries 

The  Beginnings  of  the  Reformation     .          .         . 

The  Ascendancy  of  Spain   ........ 

The  Tudors  and  the  English  Protestants     .         . 

The  Revolt  of  the  Netherlands 

The  Huguenot  Wars  in  France  ....... 

The  Thirty  Years'  War 

The  Ascendancy  of  France  under  Louis  XIV      .... 
The  Stuarts  and  the  English  Revolution      ..... 

The  Rise  of  Russia 

The  Rise  of  Prussia 

The  Expansion  of  England  in  the  Eighteenth  Century 
The  French  Revolution        .         .          ... 

The  Napoleonic  Period 

Influence  of  the  French  Revolution  on  the  Nineteenth  Century    . 
France  since  the  Second  Restoration  ...... 

England  since  the  Battle  of  Waterloo 

The  Liberation  and  Unification  of  Italy 

The  Making  of  the  New  German  Empire    ..... 

Spain,  Austria,  and  the  Lesser  States  in  the  Nineteenth  Century 
Russia  and  the  Eastern  Question          ...... 

European  Expansion  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  .         .         . 

The  World  State  and  the  Industrial  Age 

Studies  in  Modern  History 

Chronology  of  the  Modern  Age 

iii 

436937 


OUTLINE   MAPS 


Europe 

The  Barbarian  Kingdoms  . 

The  Saracen  Possessions   . 

The  Prankish  Kingdom 

Norman  England       .... 

Trade  Routes 

The  Angevin  Possessions  .         .         . 
Central  Europe          .... 

Explorations 

The  Thirty  Years'  War      . 
The  Baltic  Lands       .... 
Central  Europe  in  Napoleon's  Time  . 
Central  Europe,  German  Empire 
Asia  and  Africa          .... 


KEY  TO   REFERENCES 


ADAMS 

BOURNE 

CHURCH 

EMERTOX 

EMERTON 

HARDING 

MUNRO 

MYERS 

MYERS 

ROBINSON 

ROBINSON 

SCHWILL 

WHITCOMB 


Civilization  during  the  Middle  Ages 

Mediceval  and  Modern  History 

The  Beginning  of  the  Middle  Ages 

Introduction  to  the  Middle  Ages     . 

The  Middle  Ages  ...... 

Essentials  in  Mediceval  and  Modern  History 
A  History  of  the  Middle  Ages 

The  Middle  Ages 

The  Modern  Age 

History  of  Western  Europe    . 

Readings  in  European  History 

History  of  Modern  Europe     .          .          .          . 

A  History  of  Modern  Europe 


NOTE.    Roman  numerals  refer  to  chapters,  Arabic  figures  to  pages. 


Yet  I  doubt  not  through  the  ages  one  increasing  purpose  runs, 

And  the  thoughts  of  men  are  widened  with  the  process  of  the  suns.  —  Tennyson. 


As  we  can  follow  through  the  feudal  epoch  the  development  of  the  monarchical  idea 
which  was  to  destroy  feudalism,  and  as  we  can  follow  across  the  monarchical  epoch  the 
development  of  the  national  idea  which  was  to  throw  dynastic  interests  back  into  the 
second  place,  so  we  can  follow  across  the  history  of  the  last  two  centuries  the  development 
of  economic  and  industrial  interests,  the  social  idea,  which  is  destined  to  overthrow  the 
national.  —  Monod  (Adams). 


One  lesson,  and  only  one,  history  may  be  said  to  repeat  with  distinctness :  that  the 
world  is  built  on  moral  foundations ;  that,  in  the  long  run,  it  is  well  with  the  good ;  in 
the  long  run,  it  is  ill  with  the  wicked.  — Froude. 


Minie*  is  good,  but,  spite  of  change, 

Gutenberg's  gun  has  the  longest  range.  —  Lowell. 


In  these  addresses  the  memory  of  your  forefathers  speaks  to  you.  Think  that  with  my 
voice  there  are  mingled  the  voices  of  your  ancestors  from  the  far-off  ages  of  gray 
antiquity,  of  those  who  stemmed  with  their  own  bodies  the  tide  of  Roman  domination 
over  the  world,  who  vindicated  with  their  own  blood  the  independence  of  these  mountains, 
plains,  and  streams.  .  .  .  They  call  to  you  :  "  Take  ye  our  place  .  .  .  But  as  matters 
now  stand  with  you,  seek  not  to  conquer  with  bodily  weapons,  but  stand  firm  and  erect 
before  them  in  spiritual  dignity.  Yours  is  the  greater  destiny  —  to  form  an  empire  of 
mind  and  reason ;  to  destroy  the  dominion  of  rude  physical  power  as  the  ruler  of  the 
world.  Do  this  and  ye  shall  be  worthy  of  descent  from  us."  —  Fichte. 


OUTLINES   AND  STUDIES  IN 
MEDIEVAL   HISTORY 


The  period  of  the  "  Dark  Ages,"  so  called,  is  a  period  of  decay  only  in  the  sense  in 
which  the  leaf  decays,  that  it  may  make  the  ground  fruitful  for  more  abundant  life.  The 
three  chief  forces  working  together  in  the  making  of  a  new  and  fairer  civilization  were : 

First,  —  the  organized  Christian  Church. 

Second,  —  the  Germanic  races,  coming  in  upon  the  soil  of  Rome,  taking  possession 
of  the  Roman  land,  subjecting  the  Roman  population  to  their  political  control,  but  in 
their  turn  taking  up  the  religion,  the  language,  and  the  customs  of  the  conquered. 

Third,  —  the  domination  of  the  Frankish  race  over  all  the  Germanic  races  of  the 
continent.  —  Adapted  from  EMERTON. 

All  in  all  the  Middle  Ages  was  a  period  of  transformation,  when  the  old  classical 
civilization,  Christianity,  the  vigorous  Teutonic  races,  and  elements  drawn  from  the 
Mohammedan  East  combined  in  bewildering  variety.  It  was  essentially  the  period 
when  Europe  became  Europe  and  made  ready  to  found  new  Europes  across  the  seas. 
—  Harding. 

The  mediaeval  period  is  one  in  which  the  great  effort  of  human  society  is  to  fit  itself 
to  certain  great  abstract  ideas  and  institutions.  The  peculiar  thing  about  these  is  that 
they  demand  of  the  individual  member  of  society  that  he  shall  as  far  as  possible  sur- 
render himself  to  them,  and  seek  his  highest  usefulness  by  sinking  his  own  personality  in 
some  form  of  corporate  life.  —  Emerton. 

The  Middle  Ages  molded  into  a  perfect  unity,  a  living  and  organic  world  civiliza- 
tion, the  best  contributions  of  Greek  and  Roman,  Christian  and  German.  —  Adams. 


THE 

"DARK  AGES" 
(476-1000) 


•  Outline  of  Mediaeval  History 

The  Eaibarian  Kingdoms. 

Fusion  of  Latin  and  Teutonic  Civilizations. 

The  Church  and  its  Institutions. 

The  Eastern  Empire  and  Rise  of  Islam. 

Charlemagne  and  the  Restoration  of  the  Empire. 

The  Coming  of  the  Northmen. 


AGE  OF 

REVIVAL 

(1000—1492) 


Feudalism  and  Chivalry.    The  Normans. 

The  East  and  the  Crusades. 

The  Papacy  and  the  Empire. 

The  Life  and  Culture  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

Growth  of  National  Governments  and  Literatures. 

The  Renaissance, 


General  Introduction 

I.  PERIODS  OF  EUROPEAN  HISTORY  (A.D.  476-1900). 

1.  The  Middle  Ages. 

a.  "Dark  Ages"  (476-1000). 

b.  Age  of  Revival  (1000-1492). 

2.  The  Modern  Age. 

a.  Era  of  the  Protestant  Revolution  (1492-1648). 

b.  Era  of  the  Political  Revolution  (1648-1900). 

3.  Characteristics  of  each  period. 

II.  MEANING  OF  "  FALL  OF  ROME." 

III.  EUROPEAN  CIVILIZATION. 

1.  Factors  in  its  formation. 

2.  Relative  importance  of  these  factors. 

3.  Chief  actors  in  its  history. 

4.  Parts  played  by  these  actors. 

1.  Compare  the  area,  physical  features,  climate,  and  productions  of  Europe  with  those 
of  the  United  States. 

2.  Give  some  examples  of  the  influence  of  the  physical  features  of  Europe  upon  its 
history. 

3.  Point   out   natural   boundaries   which   have   limited   or   failed    to    limit    political 
boundaries.    (B) 

4.  Why  is  it  impossible  to  divide  the  course  of  history  into  periods  by  hard  and  fast 
lines  ?    What  is  true  of  changes  seemingly  so  abrupt  as  the  downfall  of  Rome,  the 
invention  of  printing,  or  the  French  Revolution? 

5.  How  much  does  one  lose  through  ignorance  of  the  history  of  the  Middle  Ages  ? 
Why  has  it  been  called  the  key  to  modern  history? 

6.  What  did  the  Middle  Ages  have  to  do?  How  long  did  it  take  to  do  it?  (A) 

-7.  Why  is  the  expression  "  Fall  of  Rome  "  misleading?    Show  that  this  period  is  con- 
structive and  not  merely  destructive  of  civilization. 

8.  Into  the  hands  of  what  new  race  did  the  fate  of  Europe  pass  with  the  decline  of 
Roman  power?    What  did  it  inherit  from  the  ancient  world  to  build  upon? 

9.  How  much  of  real  value  in  ancient  civilization  was  lost  to  the  world? 

10.  Show  the  importance  of  the  principles  of  Christianity  as  a  factor  in  the  making  of 
Europe.   (Am) 

11.  Point  out  the  virtues  of  the  Teutons  which  made  them  worthy  to  be  trusted  with  the 
fate  of  civilization.    What  characteristics  have  made  them  leaders  in  the  movements 
of  modern  times?  (MM) 

12.  Why  is  it  impossible  to  understand  mediaeval  history  without  some  knowledge  of  the 
organization  of  the  Roman  Empire?    . 


The  Barbarian  Kingdoms 

I.  THE  ROMAN  EMPIRE  OF  THE  FIFTH  CENTURY. 

1.  Extent  and  character. 

2.  Condition  of  the  people. 

II.  THE  BARBARIANS  WITHIN  THE  EMPIRE. 

1.  Ostrogoths  in  Italy  (493-553). 

a.  Reign  of  Theodoric. 

b.  Work  of  Belisarius. 

2.  Visigoths  in  Spain  (415-711). 

3.  Vandals  in  Africa  (429-533). 

4.  Burgundians  in  Gaul  (443-534). 

5.  Franks  under  the  Merovingians  (486-752). 

a.  Clovis  at  Soissons  (486). 

b.  Pippin  II  at  Testry  (687). 

c.  Charles  Martel  at  Tours  (732). 

6.  Lombards  in  Italy  (568—774). 

7.  Anglo-Saxons  in  Britain. 

a.  Legends  of  King  Arthur. 

b.  The  English  kingdoms. 

III.  THE  BARBARIANS  WITHOUT  THE  EMPIRE. 


Studies  on  the  Barbarian  Kingdoms 

The  hope  and  not  the  despair  of  the  world  lay  in  the  Teuton.  —  KINCSLEY. 

1 .  On  an  outline  map  indicate  the  limits  of  the  Empire  at  its  greatest  extent  and  locate 
the  barbarian  kingdoms  established  within  its  borders  by  the  year  500. 

2.  Show  the  unity  of  the  Empire  at  the  opening  of  the  fifth  century.    What  destroyed 
that  unity?   (Rn)' 

3.  What  did  men  do  to  avoid  the  burdens  imposed  by  the  Roman  government?    Show 
the  results  of  the  decline  of  military  spirit  among  the  Romans. 

4.  Prove  that  "  the  grinding  to  death  of  the  middle  class  harmed  the  Empire  more  than 
all  the  ravages  of  the  barbarians." 

5 .  Write  a  comparison  of  life  among  the  Romans  with  that  among  the  barbarians  in  the 
fifth  century,  according  to  Salvian  and  Priscus.  (RRII) 

6.  How  did  the  civilization  of  the  Germans  outside  the  Empire  compare  with  that  of 
the  North  American  Indians?   (A) 

7.  What  events  mark  the  permanent  occupation  of  the  Empire  by  the  Germans?    How 
had  they  been  kept  out  for  almost  five  centuries? 

8.  Can  you  account  for  the  indifference  of  the  provincials  to  the  German  invasions? 
How  did  the  invaders    compare  in   numbers  with  the   original  population  of  the 
invaded  territory?  (Rm) 

9.  Picture  the  march  Of  the  Ostrogoths  from  the  Danube  to  Italy.  (MMI) 

10.  Which  of  all  the  barbarian  chieftains  showed  the  most  kingly  qualities?    In  what 
respects  is  his  history  like  that  of  Philip  of  Macedon? 

11.  Why  does  Theodoric  deserve  especial  praise  for  his  effort  to  create  "a  fatherland,  a 
city,  and  a  state  "?    What  was  his  attitude  toward  the  Emperor  and  Roman  culture? 
How  did  he  show  his  superiority  in  religious  convictions? 

12.  What  contradictions  do  you  find  in  the  life  of  Theodoric?    Who  were  his  advisers? 
What  monument  still  keeps  his  memory  green? 

13.  What  service  did  the  Visigoths  render  to  the  Empire?    What  was  their  reward? 

14.  Show  that  the  Gothic  realm  of  Spain  was  the  most  flourishing  and  most  advanced 
of  the  new  Teutonic  kingdoms  in  the  seventh  century.  (Em) 

15.  Describe  the  character  and  achievements  of  the  "Vikings  of  the  South." 

1 6.  In  what  ways  have  the  Burgundians,  although  for  so  brief  a  time  an  independent 
nation,  left  a  lasting  impression  on  history  ?  (E) 

17.  Can  you  account  for  the  superior  strength  of  the  Franks  in  conquest? 

1 8.  What  was  the  double  task  of  Clovis?    By  what  means  did  he  become  chief  of  the 
Franks?    Did  his  conversion  have  any  effect  upon  his  character  or  conduct?    What 
right  has  he  to  a  place  among  the  great  men  of  history? 

19.  Compare  the  Lombard  rule  with  that  of  any  other  conqueror  of  Italy.    How  could  a 
people  so  few  in  numbers  keep  the  upper  hand  ? 

20.  Tell  the  Lombard  legends  of  the  proud  Rosamond  and  the  lovely  Theodolinda.  (Evi) 

21.  Which  was  "the  one  purely  German  nation  that  rose  upon  the  wreck  of  Rome"? 
What  conditions  made  it  possible? 

22.  Explain  the  origin  of  the  province  of  Brittany  in  France  and  the  legends  of  King 
Arthur. 


The  Church  and  its  Institutions 

I.  CONVERSION  OF  THE  BARBARIANS.  , 

1.  Ulfilas,  apostle  of  the  Goths  (about  341).     ' 

2.  Clovis  and  the  Franks. 

3.  Patrick,  patron  saint  of  Ireland  (425). 

a.  Work  of  Irish  missionaries. 

b.  lona  and  St.  Gall. 

4.  Augustine,  missionary  to  England  (597). 

a.  Council  of  Whitby. 

b.  Christian  literature ;   Csedmon,  Bede. 

5.  Boniface,  apostle  of  Germany. 

6.  Vladimir,  and  evangelization  of  Russia  (988). 

7.  Progress  of  Christianity  to  the  year  1000. 

8.  Importance  of  the  spread  of  Christianity. 

II.  REACTION  OF  PAGANISM  UPON  CHRISTIANITY. 

III.  RISE    OF    MONASTICISM. 

1.  Its  spirit  and  aims. 

2.  St.  Antony  and  the  hermits. 

3.  St.  Benedict  and  the  monasteries. 

4.  Services  of  the  monks  to  civilization. 

IV.  RISE  OF  THE  PAPACY. 

1.  Organization  of  the  Church. 

2.  Privileges  of  the  clergy. 

3.  Primacy  of  the  Roman  see  :   Leo  and  Gregory- 

4.  Separation  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  churches. 


Studies  on  the  Church  and  its  Institutions 

The  task  of  guarding  the  Roman  name  and  something  of  Roman  ideas  and  institutions 
passed  to  the  Church.  —  BOURNE. 

1.  What  has  been  the  strongest  force  in  the  making  of  modern  civilization?    Show  the 
source  of  its  power. 

2.  Show  the  difference  in  the  religious  life  of  the  two  peoples  separated  by  the  Rhine- 
Danube  frontier  about  A.D.  300. 

3.  What  religious  ideas  of  their  own  made  the  Germans  ready  to  accept  Christianity? 
Point  out  traces  of  these  ideas  in  the  life  of  to-day. 

4.  Who  has  been  called  "  the  John  Eliot "  of  the  Germans,  and  for  what  reason  ? 

5 .  Give  some  idea  of  the  great  work  of  St.  Boniface  for  the  Germans. 

6.  What  was  the  feeling  of  the  Franks  for  the  Goths?   Which  race  and  which  religion 
triumphed  in  Gaul  and  in  Germany? 

7.  Of  what  political  importance  to  the  Franks  and  the  Angles  was  their  conversion  to 
the  orthodox  Catholic  faith  ? 

8.  Compare  the  Christian  with  the  pagan  literature  of  the  Anglo-Saxons. 

9.  What  do  you  find  most  interesting  in  Bede's  account  of  the  conversion  of  the  North- 
umbrians ?   Tell  the  legend  of  Boniface  and  the  oak  of  Thor.  (RRV) 

10.  Why  may  the  missionaries  from  Ireland  be  said  to  have  laid  the  cornerstone  of  west- 
ern civilization  on  the  Continent? 

11.  What  power  in  this  age  was  "stronger  than  force  and  greater  than  kings"?    Give 
some  examples  of  its  wonderful  influence  over  the  barbarians. 

12.  How  did  the  circumstances  of  the  conversion  of  Russia  affect  her  relations  with  other 
European  states? 

13.  What  was  the  inevitable  reflex  influence  of  the  barbarians  upon  Christianity?    Show 
the  result  to  European  civilization. 

14.  How  can  we  account  for  the   rapid  spread   of  monasticism  in  the  Middle  Ages? 
Name  some  monks  who  greatly  influenced  the  course  of  history.   (Rv) 

15.  Can  you  prove  that  "the  Rule  of  St.  Benedict  is  as  important  as  any  constitution 
ever  drawn  up  for  a  state  "?     Give  some  idea  of  its  requirements.  (R57) 

1 6.  Estimate  the  good  work  of  the  monasteries  as  the  hospitals,  inns,  schools,  libraries, 
and  publishing  houses  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

17.  In  what  respects  did   the  organization  of  the  Church  correspond  to  that  of  the 
Empire  ?    Describe  the  conditions  which  led  the  Church  to  assume  many  functions 
of  civil  government. 

1 8.  Name  the  four  great  Latin  "fathers"  who  tell  us  of  the  Church  in  the  fourth  and 
fifth  centuries.    With  what  purpose  did  Augustine  write  his  City  of  God? 

19.  Show  that  Gregory  the  Great  was  statesman,  missionary,  "  Servant  of  the  servants  of 
God."    Give  some  idea  of  his  power  as  prefect  and  as  pope. 

20.  What  effect  did  the  separation  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  churches  have  upon  the 
civilization  and  history  of  Europe  ? 

2 1 .  Comment  on  Tertullian's  boast  that  "  nothing  was  so  foreign  to  a  Christian  as  public 
affairs." 


The  Fusion  of  Latin  and  Teuton 

I.  THE  RELATIONS  OF  CONQUERORS  TO  CONQUERED. 

% 

II.  THE  FORMATION  OF  ROMANCE  NATIONS  AND  LANGUAGES. 

III.  THE  INFLUENCE  OF  THE  TEUTONIC  LAWS  :  ORDEALS. 

IV.  THE  TRIUMPH  OF  ROMAN  LAW. 

The  German  glory  is  not  to  have  had  little  to  learn  from  Rome,  but  to  have  learned  so 
much  and  with  such  aptitude.  —  ANDREWS. 

1.  When  does   history   first  hear   of   the  Teutons?     Summarize   the   relations   of   the 
Romans  and  Teutons  under  four  periods. 

2.  Why  could  not  the  Empire  make  more  effectual  resistance  to  the  Germans?    Give 
some  specific  examples  of  the  decline  of  national  will  power  and   the   misuse  of 
official  position  for  personal  gain.    (A) 

3.  Describe  the  treatment  that  the  conquered  inhabitants  of  the  Empire  received  at  the 
hands  of  the  Germans.    How  did  this  treatment  vary  in  different  places  ?    (MMiv) 

4.  Summarize  the  important  additions  made  to  ancient  civilization  by  the  Germans. 

5.  What  correspondence  can  you  find  between  the  political  organization  of  the  Germans 
and  that  of  the  Homeric  Greeks? 

6.  Suppose  the  Latins  had  kept  the  Teutons  out  of  Gaul,  Italy,  Spain,  and  Britain,  — 
what  then  ?    Show  how  the  Teutonic  influence  varied  in  these  states. 

7.  What  parallel  may  be  drawn  between  the  results  of  the  Roman  conquest  of  Greece 
and  the  German  conquest  of  Rome? 

8.  Show  by  the  lives  of  the  literary  men  of  the  later  Empire  the  extent  of  the  influence 
of  Latin  learning.    (Bi)     How  did  the  barbarians  look  upon  it? 

9.  What  do  we  mean  by  Romance  languages?    What  were  the  most  serious  consequences 
of  the  confusion  which  attended  their  formation  ? 

10.  Why  was  Latin  more  easily  corrupted  in  the  Roman  provinces  than  English  can  be 
in  the  mouths  of  foreigners  to-day? 

1 1 .  What  advantages  did  Latin  have  in  its  struggle  with  the  Teutonic  tongues  ? 

12.  What  was  the  fate  of  the  Roman  schools  and  Latin  literature? 

13.  Did  the  municipal  system  of  the  Romans  hold  its  own  in  the  barbarian  states?    How 
did  the  invaders  become  "  caught  in  the  meshes  of  the  Roman  law"? 

14.  How  did  the  Teutonic  laws  differ  from  the  Roman?    Mention  some  laws  which  show 
the  ruder  civilization  of  the  Germans.    Which  of  the  Germanic  peoples  first  had 
written  laws? 

1 5 .  Why  was  the  German  law  a  more  effectual  influence  for  liberty  than  the  Roman  ? 

16.  Specify  the  elements  in  modern  government  which  owe  their  origin  to  the  Germans. 
In  which  of  their  institutions  do  we  find  the  germ  of  our  modern  free  legislatures? 
How  did  they  change  the  ancient  idea  of  the  relation  of  individual  and  state?    (Av) 

17.  What  is  meant  by  "the  personality  of  law"  among  the  Germans?    What  is  the 
corresponding  expression  for  the  character  of  Roman  law?    (Evm) 


The  Roman  Empire  in  the  East 

I.  THE  ERA  OF  JUSTINIAN  (527-565). 

1.  "  Imperial  Restoration  ":  Belisarius. 

2.  "  Body  of  the  Roman  Law." 

3.  Dark  side  of  the  era. 

II.  REIGN  OF  HERACLIUS  (610-641). 

1.  Struggle  with  Persia. 

2.  Conquests  of  the  Arabs. 

III.  SERVICES  TO  EUROPEAN  CIVILIZATION. 

1.  Defender  and  preserver. 

2.  Teacher  and  civilizer. 

The  abiding  life  of  the  Eastern  Empire  still  seems  to  be  to  many  minds  the  hardest  of 
lessons.  —  FREEMAN. 

1.  What  does  Europe  owe  to  the  emperors  in  the  East? 

2.  What  races  were  restorers  of  the  Empire  in  the  persons  of  Justinian  and  Belisarius? 

3.  Why  has  this  era  been  called  "  so  great  and  so  unhappy  "? 

4.  Outline  the  career  of  Belisarius  and  prove  his  right  to  a  place  among  the  great 
commanders  of  the  world. 

5 .  At  what  cost  was  the  Ostrogothic  kingdom  in  Italy  overthrown  ?    Show  that  the  result 
was  not  worth  the  cost. 

6.  On  a  sketch  map  indicate  the  imperial  possessions  when  Justinian  ascended  the 
throne,  and  the  lands  he  reconquered  from  the  barbarians. 

7.  Why  does  Justinian  deserve  to  be  called  "  the  Hadrian  of  the  East "? 

8.  Describe  the  building  which  caused  Justinian  to  say  "I  have  surpassed  thee,  O 
Solomon  !  " 

9.  Explain  this  statement :  "  A  man  of  Slavonic  birth,  he  reigned  over  a  people  who 
spoke  Greek  and  called  themselves  Romans,  to  whom  he  issued  a  Latin  law  book 
which  few  of  them  could  either  read  or  understand." 

10.  Describe  the  making  of  the  Corpus  Juris  Civilis  as  given  in  Hadley's  Introduction  to 
Roman  Law. 

11.  What  was  the  most  important  effect  of  the  codification  of  Roman  law?    Show  how 
widespread  has  been  its  influence.    (An) 

12.  What  parts  of  Europe  are  still  under  the  influence  of  Roman  law?    How  has  it 
affected  the  common  law  of  England?   Has  it  found  any  place  in  the  United  States? 

13.  Compare  the  struggle  of  Heraclius  and  the  second  Persian  Empire  with  the  struggle 
of  Greeks  and  Persians  ten  centuries  before. 

14.  Why  are  the  terms  Greek  or  Byzantine  more  correct  than  Roman  for  the  Eastern 
Empire  after  the  time  of  Heraclius? 

15.  Outline  the  services  of  the  mediaeval  Byzantine  Empire  to  European  civilization. 
Why  was  it  able  to  perform  these  services?  (Mx) 


10 


The  Rise  of  Islam 

I.  THE  ARABS. 

1.  Origin  and  character. 

2.  Religious  condition  about  A.D.  600. 

II.  MOHAMMED. 

1.  The  boy  and  the  man. 

2.  The  prophet  at  Mecca:  Hegira  (622). 

3.  The  lawgiver  and  king  at  Medina. 

4.  The  conqueror  at  Mecca. 

III.  DOCTRINES  OF  ISLAM. 

1.  The  Koran. 

a.  Origin. 

b.  Teachings. 

2.  The  Sunna. 

IV.  THE  CALIPHATE. 

1.  Conquests  east  and  west. 

a.  Check  at  Constantinople  (717)0 

b.  Check  at  Tours  (732). 

2.  Extent  of  Moslem  power  (750). 

3.  Golden  age  at  Bagdad. 

V.  SARACEN  CIVILIZATION. 

1.  Sources  and  importance. 

2.  Government  and  law. 

3.  Literature  and  learning. 

4.  Science  and  art. 

VI.  EVIL  AND  GOOD  IN  ISLAM. 


Studies  on  the  Rise  of  Islam 

1.  What  people  became  a  great  power  in  world  history  with  the  rise  of  Islam?    Outline 
briefly  their  previous  history. 

2.  Describe  the  peculiar  political  and  religious  conditions  which  prepared  the  way  for 
Mohammed. 

3.  Write  a  short  biography  of  Mohammed.    What  did  he  owe  to  Kadi j ah?    (MMVI) 

4.  Account  for  Jewish  and  Christian  elements  in  the  Moslem  faith.    What  happy  con- 
trast do  religious  conditions  in  Arabia  in  the  sixth  century  offer  to  those  of  almost  any 
other  country? 

5.  What  form  of   government  did    Mohammed   establish?    What  other  did   it  most 
resemble  ? 

6.  Describe  the  making  of  the  Koran.    What  are  the  four  cardinal  virtues  it  inculcates? 
What  are  the  rewards  it  promises  to  the  faithful? 

7.  Quote  from  the  Koran  the  description  of  the  future  condition  of  "  the  people  on  the 
right  hand,"  and  those  "on  the  left  hand." 

8.  Was  Mohammed  more  or  less  cruel  and  unjust  than  other  founders  of  Asiatic  empires? 
Why  were  the  Moslems  such  fierce  fighters  ? 

9.  How  did  the  work  of  Boniface  differ  from  that  of  Mohammed?    Which  man  would 
you  rather  have  been? 

10.  In  what  respects  have  the  Moslem  conquests  of  the  seventh  century  never  been 
equaled  ?    Can  you  account  for  their  success  ? 

1 1 .  What  three  alternatives  were  offered  to  the  conquered  Christians  ?    Upon  what  terms 
were  they  allowed  to  remain  in  possession  of  their  cities? 

12.  What  did  the  Moslem  conquest  mean  for  the  civilization  of  northern  Africa?    Tell 
the  story  of  the  destruction  of  Alexandria.    (MMVI) 

13.  According  to  tradition,  who  was  the  Judas  that  betrayed  Europe  to  the  Saracens? 
How  long  were  they  in  doing  what  cost  the  Roman  legions  two  centuries  ? 

14.  What  two  allies  helped  the  Saracens  to  conquer  Spain?    What  battle  was  the  Hastings 
of  Spain? 

15.  Why  was  the  duel  between  the  Moslem  and  the  Christian  fought  out  so  much  earlier 
in  the  West  than  in  the  East?    Account  for  the  difference  in  results. 

1 6.  How  did  the  Franks  respond  to  Charles  Martel's  call  for  help?    Was  Tours  a  deci- 
sive battle?    (Ex) 

17.  On  an  outline  map  show  the  limits  of  the  Saracen  dominions  A.D.  600  and  about 
A.D.  750. 

1 8.  Point  out  some  respects  in  which  the  Saracen  civilization  is  unrivaled. 

19.  Prove  that  Arab  Spain  under  the  Caliphs  was  the  most  prosperous  and  enlightened 
country  of  Europe.    Give  examples  of  their  wise  policy.    (Mix) 

20.  Picture  —  according  to  the  Arabian  Nights  —  life  in  Bagdad  in  the  golden  age. 

21.  In  what  branches  of  learning  did  the  Arabs  excel?    Which  of  their  inventions  and 
productions  have  been  most  valuable?    What  hampered  their  progress  in  art? 

22.  Compare  Islam  with  Christianity.    What  effect  did  the  Moslem  taunt  of  "idolater" 
have  upon  the  eastern  emperor? 

23.  What  is  the  Saracen  Odyssey?  Explain  the  origin  of  the  title  of  the  heir  apparent  of 
Spain,  Prince  of  Asturias. 

12 


Charlemagne:  Restoration  of  the  Empire  in  the  West 

% 
I.  RISE  OF  THE  CAROLINGIANS. 

1.  Mayors  of  the  Palace. 

2.  Duke  Pippin,  King  of  the  Franks. 

3.  Donation  of  Pippin. 

II.  CHARLES  THE  GREAT  (768-814). 

1.  King  of  the  Franks. 

2.  Military  campaigns. 

a.  Lombardy  ;   the  "  Iron  Crown." 

b.  The  Spanish  March. 

c.  Saxons  and  Avars ;   important  results. 

3.  Emperor  and  Augustus  (Christmas  Day,  800). 

4.  Administrator  and  legislator. 

a.  General  Assembly ;   Capitularies. 

b.  Royal  commissioners. 

c.  Supervision  of  religion. 

d.  Education ;  Alcuin  and  the  Palace  School. 

e.  Public  works. 

5.  Estimate  of  his  achievements. 

III.  BREAK-UP  OF  CHARLEMAGNE'S  EMPIRE. 

1.  Lewis  the  Pious  (814-840). 

2.  Struggle  for  the  Empire. 

a.  Strassburg  Oaths. 

b.  Treaty  of  Verdun  (843). 

3.  Decline  and  extinction  of  the  Carolingians. 

IV.  RENEWAL  OF  THE  EMPIRE  BY  OTTO  THE  GREAT  (962), 


Studies  on  Charlemagne  and  his  Empire 

\ 

He  stands  alone,  like  a  beacon  upon  a  waste,  or  a  rock  in  the  broad  ocean.  —  HALLAM. 

1.  What  is  the  history  of  the  Frankish  kingdom  for  over  a  century  after  the  death  of 
Clovis?    Name  the  royal  cities  of  the  four  sons  of  Clovis. 

2.  How  do  the  expressions  "  Rois  faineants  "  and  "  Mayors  of  the  Palace  "  embody  the 
history  of  the  Franks  in  the  seventh  and  eighth  centuries? 

3.  What  should  we  remember  Charles  Martel  as  doing  in  preparation  for  the  greater 
work  of  his  grandson,  Charles  the  Great? 

4.  Why  was  the  alliance  of  the  Papacy  with  the  Franks  one  of  the  most  -important 
coalitions  known  to  history?    What  did  each  party  gain  through  it? 

5 .  Was  Charlemagne  a  Frenchman  ?    In  how  many  forms  can  you  write  his  name  ?    How 
—  according  to  Einhard  —  did  his  person  and  bearing  answer  to  his  place  ?    (RRVII) 

6.  Summarize  the  results  of  Charlemagne's  fifty  military  campaigns. 

7.  Upon  what  influence  did  Charles  rely  in  his  subjugation  of  the  Saxons?    Show  that 
this  was  the  most  difficult  and  most  important  of  his  conquests.    How  did  the  Saxons 
of  a  later  time  look  upon  their  conqueror? 

8.  How  did  Charles  protect  the  borders  of  his  kingdom?    What  was  the  duty  of  the 
margraves?    Explain  the  origin  of  the  titles  count  and  duke.    What  services  did  these 
officials  render?    (R) 

9.  Whose  missionary  zeal  had  made  the  eastward  progress  of  Charles  possible? 

10.  Comment  on  the  description  of  Charles  and  his  army  written  within  fifty  years  of  his 
time.    (Exm)     What  aims  prevented  him  from  becoming  a  world  conqueror? 

11.  Can  you  justify  the  darkest  spot  on  the  fame  of  Charlemagne? 

12.  Did  Charles  receive  any  added  importance  or  power  by  being  crowned  emperor?    In 
what  respects  may  he  be  likened  to  Alexander?  to  Caesar?  to  Augustus? 

13.  What  claim  has  Charles  to  rank  among  the  world's  great  statesmen?    What  tendency 
of  Germanic  government  was  opposed  to  him?    (Avu) 

14.  What  is  meant  by  the  Carolingian  renaissance? 

15.  Show  from  Charlemagne's  letters  his  interest  in  the  education  of  the  clergy  and  of 
the  people  at  large.    Why  should  girls  be  interested  in  the  Palace  School?    How 
much  learning  had  Charles  himself?    What  was  his  favorite  book? 

1 6.  How  long  before  had  Bishop  Gregory  said,  "  Woe  to  our  time,  for  the  study  of  letters 
has  perished  from  among  us  "?    Show  how  Alcuin  removed  this  reproach. 

17.  What  did  Charlemagne  consider  the  proper  attitude  toward  the  Church?    How  did 
he  treat  the  monasteries?    Show  the  origin  of  the  great  archbishoprics. 

1 8.  Why  has  Charles  been  called  "only  a  German  farmer  "?    What  sources  of  revenue 
had  he?    What  expenses  of  government?    (Mi 5) 

19.  Show  how  great  a  burden  was  the  military  heerban  system.    To  what  system  did  it 
naturally  lead?    What  were  the  "  Fields  of  May  "  ? 

20.  How  did  Charlemagne  sow  the  seed  for  the  undoing  of  all  his  work?    What  causes 
of  strife  did  Lewis  the  Pious  stir  up?    What  was  the  inevitable  result? 

2 1 .  Why  is  the  treaty  of  Verdun  one  of  the  great  landmarks  in  the  growth  of  the  European 
states?    What  special  interest  attaches  tc  the  Strassburg  Oaths? 

22.  Indicate  on  an  outline  map  the  Frankish  Kingdom,  A.D.  750,  the  additions  made  by 
Charlemagne,  and  the  division  of  the  Empire  by  the  Treaty  of  Verdun. 


The  Northmen :  Coming  of  the  Vikings 
I.  THE  NORTHERN  FOLK  :  RACE  AND  CHARACTERISTICS. 

II.  PIRATES'  AND  COLONIZERS. 

1.  Iceland  and  Greenland  (874,  983)  :  discoveries  in  the  West. 

2.  Rurik  in  Russia. 

III.  DANISH  CONQUEST  OF  ENGLAND. 

1.  Alfred  the  Great  (871-901). 

2.  Treaty  of  Wedmore  (878)  :  the  Danelaw. 

3.  Danish  Kings  :   Canute. 

IV.  SETTLEMENT  IN  GAUL. 

1.  A  century  of  raids. 

2.  Northmen  become  Normans. 

V.  INFLUENCE  UPON  EUROPEAN  CIVILIZATION. 

"  From  the  fury  of  the  Northmen,  good  Lord,  deliver  us" 

1.  Compare  the  history  of  the  Northmen  in  the  ninth  and  tenth  centuries  with  that  of 
the  Teutons  in  the  fifth  and  sixth. 

2.  Give  reasons  for  the  migrations  of  the  Norsemen.    What  parts  of  the  world  did  they 
visit?    Where  were  their  most  important  settlements  made? 

3.  What  does  John  Fiske  tell  us  of  the  Vikings  on  the  Western  Continent? 

4.  How  were  the  early  colonists  of  Iceland  like  the  Pilgrim  Fathers?    (MMVIII) 

5.  Where  did  the  Norse  sagas  spring  up?    Tell  some  story  from  the  Eddas.   What  does 
Fiske  call  one  of  the  greatest  history  books  in  the  world  ? 

6.  Describe  a  Viking  ship.    How  does   The  Skeleton  in  Armor  picture  the  life  of  a 
Viking?    Tell  the  story  of  Bjarni  Grimalfsson. 

7.  Trace  the  Norse  invasion  and  settlement  of  Russia.    Who  were  the  Varangians? 

8.  How  did  the  peoples  of  northern  and  western  Europe  defend  themselves  against  the 
Northmen?    What  was  the  effect  upon  the  relation  of  kings  to  nobles?    (M38) 

9.  When  do  the  Danes  first  appear  in  England?    Describe  their  conquests. 

10.  What  does  England  owe  to  the  kings  of  Wessex  in  the  ninth  and  tenth  centuries? 

11.  Describe  the  training  and  character  of  Alfred  the  Great,  the  flower  and  the  type  of 
the  Wessex  kings.    In  what  respect  was  he  greater  than  Charlemagne  ?    (Cix) 

12.  Relate  some  incidents  of  Alfred's  struggle  with  the  Danes.    Describe  the  siege  of 
Paris  by  the  Northmen.    (RRVIII) 

13.  What  terms  did  Alfred  and  Charles  the  Fat  make  with  the  invaders?    Why  is  the 
treaty  of  Charles  more  shameful  than  that  of  Alfred?    Were  these  kings  wise  or 
unwise  in  their  settlement  of  affairs? 

14.  What  are  King  Alfred's  best  claims  to  the  title  of  Great?    What  important  sources 
of  early  English  history  do  we  owe  to  him? 

1 5 .  What  do  you  know  of  the  millenary  celebration  of  Alfred  the  Great  ? 

1 6.  Outline  the  struggles  of  the  English  with  the  Danes  from  the  time  of  Alfred  to  the 
English  restoration  under  Edward  the  Confessor. 

17.  Show  good  results  of  the  settlement  of  the  Northmen  both  in  England  and  in  France. 
In  which  country  did  they  have  the  more  influence  upon  civilization? 


Feudalism  and  Chivalry 

I.  THE  FEUDAL  SYSTEM. 

1 .  Meaning  and  origin  of  feudalism. 

2.  The  ideal  feudal  state. 

3.  Essential  elements  of  feudalism. 

a.  Fiefs ;  origin  and  character. 

b.  Feudal  vassalage. 

c.  Feudal  sovereignty ;  immunities. 

4.  Feudal  ceremonies. 

a.  Homage. 

b.  Oath  of  fealty. 

c.  Act  of  investiture. 

5.  Relation  of  lord  and  vassal. 

a.  Duties  \  military,  judicial,  financial. 

b.  Rights  and  privileges. 

6.  The  manor :  condition  of  the  serfs. 

7.  Development  of  feudalism. 

a.  For  defense  of  Church  and  State. 

b.  Social  life  in  castle  and  village. 

8.  Causes  for  decay  of  the  feudal  system. 

a.  Hostility  of  kings  and  commons. 

b.  The  Crusades ;   changes  in  warfare. 

c.  Growth  of  the  towns. 

9.  The  evil  and  good  effects  of  feudalism. 

II.  CHIVALRY,  "  THE  FLOWER  OF  FEUDALISM." 

1.  Origin  and  purpose. 

2.  Spirit  and  ideals. 

3.  Training  and  investiture  of  knights. 

4.  Tournaments  and  jousts. 

5.  Causes  for  decline. 

6.  Influence  for  good  and  for  evil. 


16 


Studies  on  the  Feudal  System 

The  Feudal  System  for  a  thousand  years  was  the  most  important  element  in  the  politics 
and  in  the  social  relations  of  the  European  peoples.  —  EMERTON. 

1.  Show  the  public  need  which  caused  the  development  of  feudalism  after  the  death  of 
Charlemagne. 

2.  Describe  the  life  of  a  Roman  villa  in  the  fifth  century  and  point  out  elements  of 
feudalism.    Compare  with  it  the  life  of  a  mediaeval  manor.    (Hxi) 

3.  Find  the  roots  of  vassalage  in  both  Roman  and  German  institutions. 

4.  Prove  that  the  feudal  system  is  a  good  example  of  the  union  of  Teutonic  and  Romanic 
elements  in  a  new  institution.    (Aix) 

5.  What  does  the  expression  "  No  land  without  a  lord,  no  lord  without  land  "  mean? 

6.  Show  how  benefices  became  "  a  sort  of  money  with  which  the  kings  and  the  magnates 
paid  for  the  services  of  which  they  had  need." 

7.  How  did  the  military  character  of  feudalism  arise?    Who  only  were  bound  to  military 
service?    How  was  the  State  enabled  to  obtain  the  service  of  the  clergy  in  war? 

8.  What  did  the  public  duties  of  the  citizen  —  for  instance,  the  defense  of  the  com- 
munity —  become  under  the  feudal  system  ? 

9.  Did  the  name  vassal  imply  any  dishonor  or  reproach  in  feudal  days?    Could  a 
king  be  a  vassal  of  one  of  his  nobles?    Who  was  God's  vassal? 

10.  Give  some  instances  of  peculiar  feudal  obligations.    (R)     Mention  one  brought  to 
light  at  the  accession  of  King  Frederick  of  Denmark  in  1906. 

1 1 .  How  did  feudal  tenure  weaken  the  hold  of  the  lord  on  his  land  and  the  power  of  the 
king  over  his  people?    How  did  the  Church  gain  valuable  lands? 

12.  Did  feudalism  aid  or  hinder  the  development  of  personal  liberty?    Illustrate. 

13.  Did  feudalism  guarantee  peace  and  concord?    What  was  the  law  of  the  feudal  world? 
How- did  the  kings  and  bishops  try  to  stop  needless  disorder  and  war? 

14.  From  what  danger  did  the  feudal  system  save  Europe?    How  did  it  prevent  condi- 
tions like  those  in  the  South  before  the  Civil  War?    (Exv) 

15.  Can  you  see  a  sort  of  cooperative  scheme  of  government  in  feudalism?    How  did  it 
differ  from  the  methods  of  carrying  on  government  and  war  in  the  United  States  ? 

1 6.  Describe  the  cultivation  of  the  land  in  feudal  France.    (M)     How  did  the  life  of  the 
peasants  differ  from  that  of  the  farmers  in  our  own  land? 

17.  What  direct  results  of  feudalism  still  have  influence  in  modern  times?    (A)     Through 
what  institution  did  it  most  affect  society  and  literature? 

1 8.  What  is  Lowell's  ideal  of  knighthood  as  embodied  in  Sir  Launfal?    Is  Don  Quixote 
a  good  figure  of  a  knight? 

19.  Give  Scott's  description  of  the  " vigil  at  arms"  and  investiture  of  a  knight  from 
Marmion.    Sketch  the  lists  at  Naseby  and  give  a  word  picture  of  the  tournament  in 
Ivanhoe. 

20.  In  what  respects  were  the  tournaments  of  this  age  like  or  unlike  the  sacred  games  of 
the  Greeks?  the  gladiatorial  combats  of  the  Romans? 

2 1 .  Explain  the  difference  between  a  serf  and  a  vassal ;  a  benefice  and  a  fief ;   allo- 
dial and  feudal  property ;  sovereignty  and  suzerainty ;  a  joust  and  a  tournament. 


The  Normans  in  the  Tenth  and  Eleventh  Centuries 

I.  THE  DUKES  OF  NORMANDY  CONTRASTED  WITH  THE  VIKINGS. 
II.  EXTENT  OF  POWER  AND  POSSESSIONS. 

III.  KINGDOM  OF  NAPLES  AND  SICILY. 

1.  .Exploits  of  Robert  Guiscard. 

2.  Service  to  the  crusaders. 

IV.  CONQUEST  OF  ENGLAND. 

i .  William,  Duke  of  Normandy  :   Hastings. 
*   2.  William  I  of  England  (Christmas  Day,  1066). 

a.  Settlement  of  the  kingdom. 

b.  Subjection  of  conquered  Saxons  and  Norman  lords. 

c.  Doomsday  Book ;  Curfew ;  Forest  Laws. 

3.  Successors  of  William  I. 

4.  Results  of  the  Conquest :  political,  social,  intellectual,  religious. 

1 .  How  did  the  Northmen  become  Normans  ?    Was  the  grant  of  Normandy  to  Rollo  a 
benefit  or  an  injury  to  France? 

2.  Where  did  the  Normans  seek  crowns?    Show  the  result  in  each  case. 

3.  Describe  the  condition  of  southern  Italy  when  the  Normans  first  went  there.    How 
did  "  this  gang  of  land  and  cattle  thieves"  gain  their  first  lands  and  become  respect- 
able?   (EM224) 

4.  Which  had  more  influence  upon  European  history,  —  the  Norman  kingdom  of  Naples 
and  Sicily  or  the  Norman  kingdom  of  England?    Prove  your  answer. 

5.  Explain  the  system  of  local  government  in  England  before  the  Norman  conquest. 
When  were  the  great  earls  created  ?    How  much  power  had  the  Witenagemot?    (Mvin) 

6.  Under  what  circumstances  did  the  Normans  first  enter  England?    What  first  created 
an  anti- Norman  party? 

7.  Show  that  the  boy  was  father  of  the  man  in  the  case  of  William  of  Normandy. 

8.  Why  was  King  Harold  forced  to  fight  with  William  for  the  English  crown? 

9.  Why  were  Harold  and  his  army  poorly  prepared  for  the  battle  that  was  to  determine 
the  fate  of  England?    Describe  the  battle. 

10.  Picture  the  fate  of  those  who  resisted  the  Conqueror.    What  did  he  love  and  pro- 
tect like  a  father? 

11.  What  features  of  feudalism  did  William  take  care  should  not  be  introduced  into 
England?    What  good  came  to  England  from  his  rule? 

1 2 .  What  reminders  of  the  work  of  William  I  still  remain  in  England  ?    Tell  the  story  of 
his  last  days. 

13.  How  did  Henry  I  gain  the  support  of  his  English  subjects?    Describe  the  condition 
of  the  land  under  Stephen  of  Blois. 

14.  What  does  Adams  consider  to  be  the  two  most  important  influences  of  the  Norman 
Conquest?    (Axrv) 

15.  Name  the  languages  spoken  in  England  for  three  centuries  after  the  Conquest. 
Show  the  effect  upon  literature.    How  was  the  "  King's  English  "  created? 

1 6.  Describe  the  Bayeux  Tapestry  as  a  source  of  English  history. 

17.  Explain  these  expressions,  —  New  Forest;  Witan;  Senlac;  Gemot;  Tower  of  Lon- 
don; Stamford  Bridge. 

18 


The  Papacy  and  the  Empire  to  1122 
I.  Two  WORLD  POWERS  :  ORIGIN. 

II.  RELATIONS  OF  WORLD  KING  AND  WORLD  PRIEST. 

1 .  Conflicting  views. 

2.  Importance  in  mediaeval  history. 

III.  RESTORATION  OF  EMPIRE  AND  PAPACY. 

1.  Imperial  power  by  Otto  the  Great  (962). 

2.  Papal  power:   intervention  of  Henry  III  (1046). 

3.  Influence  of  the  Cluniac  reforms  :  Hildebrand. 

IV.  POPE  GREGORY  VII  AND  EMPEROR  HENRY  IV  (1073-1085). 

1 .  Ideals  of  Gregory. 

2.  Reform  measures. 

a.  Evils  in  the  Church. 

b.  Influence  of  feudalism  •  simony,  investiture. 

3.  Ideals  of  Henry. 

a.  Opposition  to  Gregory. 

b.  Humiliation  and  vengeance ;  Canossa  and  Rome. 

V.  MORAL  VICTORY  OF  THE  CHURCH:   CONCORDAT  OF  WORMS  (1122);   COMPROMISE. 


//  would  hardly  be  exaggerating  its  importance  if  we  said  that  the  chief  interest  of 
the  earlier  Middle  Ages  lies  in  the  development  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  ;  that  of 
the  later  Middle  Ages  in  its  controlling  influence  at  the  height  of  its  power.  —  ROBINSON. 

1.  Try  to  make  plain  that,  in  spite  of  all  theories,  conflict  between  the  two  ideas  of  a 
world  monarchy  and  a  world  religion  was  inevitable. 

2.  What  was  the  condition  of  both  Empire  and  Papacy  after  the  break-up  of  Charle- 
magne's Empire?    Which  recovered  first? 

3.  What,  according  to  Bryce,  were  the  pretensions  of  a  mediaeval  emperor?    Give  in 
Gregory's  own  words  his  conception  of  the  prerogatives  of  a  pope.    (RR274) 

4.  From  what  did  the  Congregation  of  Cluny  save  the  Church.    Show  how  far-reaching 
was  its  influence.    Name  some  great  men  connected  with  it.    (Cx) 

5 .  Trace  the  origin  of  the  Sacred  College  of  Cardinals.    What  are  its  functions  to-day  ? 

6.  Show  how  feudalism  made  trouble  between  the  lords  spiritual  and  the  lords  temporal. 
How  did  layman  and  churchman  differ  in  their  views? 

7.  Why  was  the  question  of  investiture  so  important?    How  did  it  affect  the  position 
of  both  emperor  and  pope? 

8.  Why  is  Gregory's  decree  deposing  Henry  especially  noteworthy?    How  did  Henry 
defend  the  divine  right  of  kings?    (RRXIII) 

9.  Where  is  the  truest  record  of  the  views  of  the  two  opponents  to  be  found?    Give 
Gregory's  own  account  of  the  affair  at  Canossa. 

10.  Quote  the  last  words  of  Gregory  VII,  and  prove  their  truth. 

1 1 .  Show  the  effect  upon  Germany  of  the  half-century  struggle  over  investiture. 

12.  How  has  the  moral  victory  of  the  Papacy  in  the  Concordat  of  Worms  affected  the 
Church  and  the  world? 

'9 


The  Crusades 

I.  OCCASION  FOR  THE  CRUSADES. 

1.  Condition  of  the  Holy  Land. 

2.  Motives  of  the  crusaders. 

3.  Favoring  circumstances. 

II.  THE  FIRST  CRUSADE  (1096). 

1 .  Causes  :   the  Emperor  Alexis  and  Pope  Urbanu 

2.  Events. 

a.  Fate  of  the  vanguard ;  Peter  the  Hermit. 

b.  March  of  main  body. 

c.  Capture  of  Jerusalem. 

3.  Results. 

a.  Latin  kingdoms  in  Syria. 

b.  Religious  orders  of  knighthood. 

III.  THE  SECOND  CRUSADE  (1147). 

1.  St.  Bernard  of  Clairvaux. 

2.  Sacrifice  of  life  and  substance. 

IV.  THE  THIRD  CRUSADE  (1189). 

1.  Cause  :  Saladin. 

2.  Leaders  and  routes. 

3.  Siege  of  Acre  :  Richard  the  Lion-Hearted. 

V.  THF  FOURTH  CRUSADE  (1202). 

1.  Influence  of  Venice. 

2.  The  Latin  Empire  :  sack  of  Constantinople. 

VI.  LATER  CRUSADES. 

1.  The  Children's  Crusade  (1212). 

2.  Minor  Crusades  :  results  accomplished. 

VII.  CRUSADES  IN  EUROPE. 

1 .  Against  pagans  :   territory  won  for  Christianity0 

2.  Against  heretics  :  the  fate  of  the  Albigenses. 

VIII.  INFLUENCE  OF  THE  CRUSADES. 

1.  Upon  the  Eastern  Empire. 

2.  Upon  social,  intellectual,  and  political  life. 

3.  Upon  commercial  and  geographical  progress. 


20 


Studies  on  the  Crusades 

The  Age  of  the  Crusades,  the  pivot  upon  which  the  Middle  Ages  turned  from  the 
darkness  and  disorder  of  the  earlier  time  to  the  greater  light  and  order  of  modern 
times.  —  ADAMS. 

1 .  Who  first  presented  to  the  princes  of  Europe  the  idea  of  a  combined  effort  to  secure 
the  holy  places  of  Jerusalem?    Describe  a  mediaeval  pilgrimage.    (RRXV) 

2.  What  new  conditions  in  the  East  in  the  eleventh  century  showed  the  necessity  for 
western  intervention  ?   Why  did  Alexis  turn  to  Pope  Urban  as  the  only  possible  source 
of  aid  in  western  Europe?    (EMXI) 

3.  Justify  these  statements  :  "The  man,  the  cause,  and  the  occasion  all  contributed  to 
the  achievement  of  one  of  the   greatest  triumphs  of  human  oratory";  "Europe 
appeared  to  be  a  land  of  exile,  which  every  man  was  eager  to  quit." 

4.  Describe  the  conditions  by  land  and  by  sea  which  prepared  the  way  for  the  cru- 
saders.   What  favorable  conditions  existed  in  the  East? 

5.  How  did  Constantinople  appear  to  the  pilgrims  from  the  West?    What  did  the 
daughter  of  the  Emperor  say  of  the  manners  of  the  Franks?    (RRXV) 

6.  How  large  a  territory  in  Syria  was  conquered  in  the  First  Crusade?    How  was  it 
organized?    Of  what  special  interest  are  the  "Assizes  of  Jerusalem  "?    (MMXIII) 

7.  Contrast  the  application  of  feudal  principles  in  England  and  in  Syria.    (EM) 

8.  Why  are  the  victories  of  the  First  Crusade  so  wonderful?    At  what  cost  were  they 
won  ?    How  do  the  letters  of  the  crusaders  speak  for  their  behavior  ? 

9.  What  makes  the  Third   Crusade  especially  interesting?    Comment   on   Richard's 
declaration  that  he  would  sell  the  city  of  London  if  he  could  find  a  purchaser. 

10.  What  striking  contrast  does  the  Fourth  Crusade  offer  to  the  others?    How  did  the 
cleverness  of  Venice  make  her  the  real  gainer  by  the  enterprise? 

1 1 .  Point  out  two  most  lamentable  results  of  the  Fourth  Crusade.    What  is  the  history 
of  the  horses  of  St.  Mark's?    Where  did  Shakespeare  find  historical  countenance 
for  Duke  Theseus  of  Athens? 

12.  Show  how  the  religious  military  orders  united   the  opposed  ideals  of   the  monk 
and  the  knight.    How  does  the  history  of  the  Hospitalers  differ  from  that  of  the 
Templars? 

13.  Tell  the  story  of  the  Children's  Crusade.    What  does  it  show? 

14.  How  long  did  the  crusaders  hold  the  Holy  Land?    What  compelled  them  to  with- 
draw?   What  was  the  chief  reason  for  the  failure  of  the  Crusades? 

15.  How  did  the  Quaker  spirit  of  the  early  Christians  become  transformed  into  the 
martial  spirit  of  the  crusaders?    Why  did  the  crusading  spirit  die  out? 

1 6.  What  seems  to  you  the  chief  motive  of  the  crusaders?    Mention  some  motives  of 
the  baser  sort.    Show  the  reciprocal  influence  of  the  Crusades  and  the  Papacy. 

17.  Are  the  Crusades  rightly  called  Holy  Wars?    Give  reasons  for  your  answer. 

1 8.  Compare  the  condition  of  Europe  in  the  twelfth  century  with  the  "Roman  Peace  " 
of  the  second.    Is  there  danger  of  overestimating  the  influence  of  the  Crusades? 

19.  What  was  the  noblest  and  yet  the  saddest  aspect  of  the  crusading  spirit?    How  did 
the  Crusades  affect  the  progress  of  freedom? 


The  Church  and  the  State  (1122-1431) 

I.  SUPREMACY  OF  THE  PAPACY. 

1.  In  Germany:  Alexander  III  and  Frederick  I;   Peace  of  Venice  (1177). 

2.  In  France  :  Innocent  III  and  Philip  Augustus. 

3.  In  England  :  Innocent  III  and  King  John. 

4.  Services  of  the  Mendicant  Friars  :   Francis  of  Assisi. 

5 .  Downfall  of  the  imperial  power. 

II.  DECLINE  OF  TEMPORAL  POWER. 

1.  Philip  IV  of  France  and  Boniface  VIII :  Anagni  (1303). 

2.  Papal  seat  at  Avignon  (1309-1376)  :  revolt  of  Germany  and  England. 

3.  The  Great  Schism  :   Councils  of  Pisa  (1409)  and  Constance  (1417). 

4.  Result  for  the  Church  and  the  State. 

1.  Give  some  idea  of  the  great  sorrow  and  suffering  which  followed  in  the  train  of  the 
struggle  between  the  popes  and  the  kings  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

2.  Point  out  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  on  the  side  of  each  opponent. 

3.  What  spirit  in  Italy  held  the  balance  of  power  between  Empire  and  Papacy  and 
was  to  give  a  new  impulse  to  Italian  civilization  ? 

4.  Show  the  importance  of  the  peace  convention  at  Venice.    Of  which  power  can  we 
see  the  beginning  of  the  end?    What  other  scenes  does  it  bring  to  mind? 

5.  What  did  Guelph  and  Ghibelline  come  to  mean  in  Italy?    How  are  the  terms  still 
used  in  Germany?    Who  was  the  most  famous  and  beloved  of  all  the  Guelphs? 

6.  By  what  means  did  the  Papacy  become  arbiter  of  affairs  in  Germany?  in  France? 
in  England? 

7.  Show  that  Innocent  III  was  in  fact,  as  he  claimed  to  be,  "  king  of  kings." 

8.  Write  a  biographical    sketch  of  Francis  of  Assisi,  than  whom  there  "  is  no  more 
lovely  and  fascinating  figure  in  all  history." 

9.  Account  for  the  great  influence  of  the  Mendicant  Friars.    How  did  the  clergy  regard 
them?    In  what  respects  did  the  aims  of  the  Franciscans  and  Dominicans  differ? 

10.  What  influences,  within  and  without,  brought  the  mediaeval  Empire  to  an  end? 

11.  What  good  came  to  the  French  people  from  the  conflict  of  Philip  the  Fair  and 
Boniface  VIII? 

12.  What  were  the  immediate  and  remote  effects  of  the  removal  of  the  papal  seat  to 
Avignon?    Picture  the  condition  of  Rome  during  the  "  Babylonian  Captivity." 

13.  Explain  briefly  the  cause  and  effect  of  the  Great  Schism.    Show  how  it  prepared  the 
way  for  the  Protestant  revolt. 

14.  What  did  the  great  councils  of  the  fifteenth  century  try  to  do?    How  far  did  they 
succeed?    What  did  they  fail  to  do? 

15.  Quote  from  various  historians  their  estimate  of  the  influence  of  the  mediaeval  Church. 

16.  Explain:    a  papal  bull;    an   ecumenical  council;   benefit  of   clergy;    canon    law; 
ecclesiastical  courts;   an  interdict;   "the  priests  and  monks  held  the  pen  for  the 
king." 


The  Life  and  Culture  of  the  Middle  Ages 

I.  THE  MEDLEVAL  TOWNS. 

1.  Fate  of  the  old  Roman  towns. 

2.  Towns  of  the  tenth  and  eleventh  centuries. 

a.  As  fortresses. 

b.  As  vassals  and  suzerains. 

c.  As  commonwealths;  charters. 

d.  Life  in  the  castle,  village,  and  town. 

3.  Industrial  and  commercial  life. 

a.  Gilds ;  struggle  of  merchants  and  craftsmen. 

b.  Trade  routes,  markets,  and  fairs. 

c.  Hanseatic  League ;  foreign  settlements. 

4.  Italian  cities. 

a.  Causes  of  growth  and  power. 

b.  War  with  Frederick  Barbarossa. 

(1)  Destruction  of  Milan. 

(2)  Lombard  League. 

(3)  Legnano;  Peace  of  Constance  (1183). 

c.  Age  of  liberty ;  civil  dissensions. 

d.  Famous  city-republics. 

1 i )  Venice  ;   maritime  supremacy ;   the  Arsenal. 

(2)  Genoa ;  trade  routes  and  stations. 

(3)  Florence;  a  second  Athens. 

5.  Services  to  civilization. 

II.  THE  UNIVERSITIES  :  SCHOLASTICISM. 

1.  Episcopal  and  monastic  schools. 

2.  Rise  of  the  universities,  — Salerno,  Bologna,  Paris. 

3.  University  organization. 

a.  "  Nations  "  or  gilds  ;  privileges. 

b.  Student  life  ;  "  town  and  gown." 

c.  Studies  and  methods  of  instruction. 

4.  The  Schoolmen. 

a.  Their  purpose  and  endeavor. 

b.  Early  teachers,  —  Erigena,  Anselm,  Abelard. 

c.  Thirteenth-century  scholastics, — Albertus  Magnus,  Aquinas,  Duns  Scotus. 

d.  Scientific  side  of  scholasticism ;  Roger  Bacon. 

5.  Services  to  intellectual  progress. 

III.  ART  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES. 

1.  Painting:  illumination. 

2.  Sculpture  :   decorative  carving. 

3.  Architecture  :   the  cathedral. 

a.  Romanesque. 

b.  Gothic. 

23 


Studies  on  the  Life  and  Culture  of  the  Middle  Ages 

1.  Why  was  there  so  little  town  life  in  the  early  Middle  Ages? 

2.  Describe  from  a  picture   the  appearance  of  a  mediaeval  town.    How  did  a  town 
usually  grow  up?    What  was  burdensome  to  the  townspeople?    What  means  did  they 
take  to  better  their  condition?    (Rxvm) 

3.  Why  did  the  kings  encourage  independence  in  the  towns?    Tell  the  story  of  the 
struggle  of  the  citizens  of  the  commune  of  Laon  for  liberty.    (Bvin) 

4.  Give  some  names  of  towns  which  show  the  growth  of  the  spirit  of  freedom.    Name 
some  free  cities  which  still  exist  as  parts  of  the  German  Empire.    Why  did  not  the 
cities  of  France  and  England  become  likewise  self-governing?    (Mxiv) 

5.  How  did  the  condition  of  the  common  people  improve  in  the  Middle  Ages?    Show 
causes  for  this  improvement. 

6.  What  was  Ihe  object  of  the  gilds?    What  good  service  did  they  render?    Where  is 
the  oldest  record  of  a  gild  found? 

7.  Give  some  quotations  from  rules  of  the  gilds  which  throw  light  on  the  life  of  the 
time.    (RRXVIII)    How  did  the  revival  of  commerce  affect  the  gilds? 

8.  What  dangers  and  annoyances  did  the  mediaeval  merchants  have  to  face  by  land 
and  sea?    By  what  means  did  they  strengthen  and  defend  themselves? 

9.  On  an  outline  map  indicate  the  great  commercial  centers  and  trade  routes  of  the 
thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries. 

10.  What  would  the  mediaeval  merchants  have  said  to  a  "trust"  or  a  "wholesaler"? 
What  did  they  call  a  "just"  price?    Where  was  the  balance  of  credit? 

11.  Show  the  important  part  played  by  the  Jews  in  the  commercial  development  of 
Europe. 

12.  Name  some  articles  of  use  and  luxury  which  came  into  Europe  at  this  time. 

13.  Describe  a  mediaeval  fair.    Illustrate  the  dress  of  the  age.    (M) 

14.  Why  were  the  Italian  communes  more  independent  than  the  French?    Trace  the 
growth  of  communal  government  in  Milan.    (En) 

15.  Why  has  Legnano  been  called  "  one  of  those  few  fields  in  which  human  blood  flowed 
sacred  and  holy  "?    Why  is  the  carroccio  so  dear  to  the  Milanese? 

1 6.  How  did  the  government  of  Venice  become  an  exclusive  oligarchy?    How  long  did 
it  maintain  this  character?    Why  was  "  Councilof  Ten  "  a  name  of  dread? 

17.  How  and  why  has  the  meaning  of  the  expression  Dark  Ages  changed  of  late? 

1 8.  What  was  the  darkest  age  in  the  history  of  education?    Who  were  the  only  teachers 
in  the  early  Middle  Ages?    What  was  the  object  of  education? 

19.  How  much  truth  was  there  in  the  thirteenth-century  saying,  "  France  is  the  hearth 
where  the  intellectual  bread  of  the  whole  world  is  baked"?    Who  was  the  most 
brilliant  teacher  of  the  preceding  century?    What  likeness  has  he  to  Socrates? 

20.  Should  one  ask  when  a  mediaeval  university  was  founded?    Tell  some  tales  of  student 
life  according  to  Professor  Haskins. 

21.  Describe  the  making  of  a  mediaeval  book  and  point  out  its  beauties. 

22.  Why  was  the  Gothic  style  especially  suited  to  church  architecture?    Give  the  history 
of  some  famous  cathedral. 

23.  Explain  the  difference  between  a  donjon  and  a  keep ;  a  village  and  a  town ;  a 
university  and  a  college  ;  town  and  gown ;  first,  second,  third,  and  fourth  estate. 

24 


The  Growth  of  England  to  1500 
I.  SAXON,  DANISH,  AND  NORMAN  RULE  TO  1154. 

II.  THE  EARLY  PLANTAGENETS  (1154-1327). 

1.  Henry  II. 

a.  Conflict  with  the  Church ;  Thomas  Becket. 

b.  Reforms,  judicial  and  military. 

2.  Richard  and  John. 

a.  Loss  of  French  possessions  ;  effect. 

b.  Runnymede;   the  Great  Charter  (1215). 

3.  Henry  III. 

a.  Rise  of  the  Barons ;  Simon  de  Montfort. 

b.  Birth  of  the  House  of  Commons  (1265). 

4.  Edward  I  and  Edward  II. 

a.  Conquest  of  Wales  (1282). 

b.  The  Model  Parliament  (1295). 

c.  Wars  with  Scotland  (1296-1328). 

(1)  Early  history  of  Scotland;   Scotch  vassalage. 

(2)  Independence  of  Scotland;  Bannockburn  (1314). 

III.  THE  HUNDRED  YEARS'  WAR  (1338-1453). 

1.  Causes  :  remote  and  immediate. 

2.  Events  to  treaty  of  Bretigny  (1360). 

a.  Battle  of  Cre"cy ;  its  lesson. 

b.  Siege  of  Calais ;  result. 

c.  Battle  of  Poitiers;  the  Black  Prince. 

d.  Conditions  of  treaty. 

3.  Condition  of  England  and  France. 

a.  The  Black  Death  (1348). 

b.  The  Peasants'  Revolt  (1381). 

4.  Events  from  1415  to  1453. 

a.  Henry  V  at  Agincourt. 

b.  Treaty  of  Troyes  (1420). 

c.  Relief  of  Orleans  ;  Joan  of  Arc. 

d.  French  successes. 

5.  Results:  effect  upon  national  life. 

IV.  WARS  OF  THE  ROSES  (1455-1485). 

1.  Rivalry  of  the  Houses  of  York  and  Lancaster. 

2.  Battles:  St.  Albans,  Towton  Field,  Bosworth  Field. 

3.  Results  :  effect  on  English  liberty. 

V.  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE  AND  LITERATURE. 

1.  Chaucer,  "Father  of  English  poetry"  (i34o(?)-i4Oo). 

2.  William  Langland  :  Vision  of  Piers  the  Plowman  (1362). 

3.  John  Wycliffe  :  the  English  Bible  (1380). 

4.  William  Caxton  :  the  printing  press  (1474). 

25 


Studies  on  the  Growth  of  England  to  1500 

1.  Summarize  the  effect  upon  England  of  Saxon,  Danish,  and  Norman  rule. 

2.  Point  out  the  events  which  made  the  era  of  the  Plantagenets  a  most  important  one. 
Indicate  on  a  sketch  map  the  dominions  of  the  early  Plantagenets. 

3.  What  had  been  the  attitude  of  the  Norman  kings  toward  the  Papacy?    How  did  the 
acts  of  Henry  il  and  John  affect  the  relations  of  England  and  Rome? 

4.  Trace  the  progress  made  in  law  under  Henry  II.    What  circumstances  prevented 
absolute  monarchy  in  England?    (Mxix) 

5.  Show  how  Philip  II  dispossessed  the  English  kings  of  their  French  lands.    Weigh  the 
loss  and  gain  to  England. 

6.  Point  out  fundamental  principles  of  English  liberty  found  in   the  Great   Charter. 
Do  they  hold  good  for  us?    (Axiv) 

7.  Contrast  the  misrule  in  England  in  the  thirteenth  century  with  the  strong  rule  of  the 
French  kings.    What  similar  institutions  resulted  in  both  countries? 

8.  Why  is  the  right  of  self -taxation  so  essential  to  liberty?    Give  some  instances  in 
which  this  right  was  made  a  weapon  against  the  English  kings. 

9.  Why  is  Earl  Simon  entitled  to  the  lasting  gratitude  of  the  English?    What  instances 
of  popular  representation  can  you  find  in  England  before  1265? 

10.  What  conditions  peculiar  to  England  led  to  the  union  of  nobles  and  commons  in  the 
struggle  for  liberty? 

11.  Why  has    Edward   I  been    called   "every    inch   an    Englishman"?    "the    English 
Justinian  "? 

12.  Why  was  the  Model  Parliament  so  called?    Give  a  specimen  writ  of  summons. 

13.  On  what  grounds  did  the  Angevin  kings  claim  overlordship  of  Ireland?  of  Wales? 
of  Scotland?    (M) 

14.  Who  were  the  heroes  of  the  struggle  for  Welsh  independence?    How  were   the 
Welsh  finally  made  loyal  supporters  of  the  English  throne? 

15.  Who  are  the  national  heroes  of  Scotland?  Wrhat  evils  did  Scotch  independence  bring 
in  its  train?    Show  good  effects  of  the  struggle  on  both  sides. 

1 6.  Show  by  maps  the  relative  area  of  French  and  English  territory  in  France  in  1180, 
1280,  1360,  and  1429?    (H  228) 

17.  What  mediaeval  institution  received  its  death-blow  at  Cre"cy?    What  does  the  battle 
mark  in  the  science  of  war?    Give  some  interesting  facts  from  Froissart's  account. 

1 8.  Describe  the  social,  economic,  and  religious  effects  of  the  Black  Death. 

19.  Why  was  it  left  for  a  girl  to  save  Orleans?    Who  triumphed  when  the  English  burned 
Joan  of  Arc  at  Rouen?    Give  Green's  estimate  of  her  character  and  work. 

20.  Which  nation  suffered  most  in  the  Hundred  Years'  War?    What  did  each  gain? 

21.  Quote  from  Langland  lines  which  describe  the  condition  of  the  peasants  before  the 
Revolt  of  1381.    Show  good  effects  of  the  revolt. 

22.  Was  there  any  need  or  excuse  for  the  Wars  of  the  Roses?    Why  is  the  Earl  of  W7ar~ 
wick  such  an  interesting  figure? 

23.  Write  an  account  of  Chaucer  which  shall  include  some  of  his  portraits  of  the  English 
people  of  his  time. 

24.  Estimate  the  influence  of  Wycliffe  and  of  Caxton  on  the  progress  of  English  thought. 


26 


rS 


France  under  the  Capetians  and  the  Valois  to  1498 

I.  THE  CAPETIANS  (987-1328). 

1.  Sources  of  their  strength. 

2.  Gradual  organization  of  a  monarchy. 

3.  Philip  II :  acquisition  of  territory. 

4.  Influence  of  the  Crusades. 

5.  Louis  IX  (1226-1270)  :   strengthening  of  the  State. 

6.  Philip  the  Fair  (1285-1314). 

a.  Recognition  of  the  Third  Estate. 

b.  Abolition  of  Order  of  Knights  Templars. 

II.  THE  VALOIS  (1328-1498). 

1.  Effects  of  the  Hundred  Years'  War. 

2.  Louis  XI  (1461-1483)  :  consolidation  of  France,, 

a.  Ruin  of  vassal  nobles ;  Charles  the  Bold. 

b.  Increase  of  territory. 

3.  Charles  VIII  (1483-1498). 

a.  Extension  of  boundaries. 

b.  Invasion  of  Italy. 

III.  FRENCH  LANGUAGE  AND  LITERATURE. 

1.  Two  dialects  :  origin  and  fate. 

2.  Provencal :  songs  of  the  Troubadours. 

3.  Old  French  :  romances  of  the  Trouveurs. 

a.  Song  of  Roland. 

b.  Knights  of  the  Round  Table. 

c.  Romance  of  Alexander. 

4.  Froissart's  Chronicles. 

5.  Influence  upon  European  literature., 


27 


Studies  on  France  under  the  Capetians  and  the  Mediaeval  Valois 

1 .  Describe  the  political  condition  of  the  Franks  for  a  century  after  the  siege  of  Paris 
(885).    How  did  the  Dukes  of  France  win  the  crown  from  the  Carolingians? 

2.  Did   the   domains  of   Hugh   Capet  correspond  with  his  title  "  King  of  the  Gauls, 
Bretons,  Normans,  Aquitanians,  Goths,  Spaniards,  and  Basques"? 

3.  What  were   the    two  tasks  of   the   Capetians?    To  what   was    their    success   due? 
Mention  some  circumstances  which  aided  them.    (Mxvm) 

4.  Point  out  the  obstacles  which  prevented  the  Capetians  from  establishing  real  kingly 
power  for  more  than  two  centuries.    (Rx) 

5.  How  did  Louis  VII  come  into  conflict  with  Henry  II  of  England?    What  task  did  he 
leave  to  his  son  Philip  II? 

6.  Describe  the  character  of  Philip  II.    Why  was  he  given  the  title  Augustus  ?    (H2 14) 

7.  Tell  the  story  of  the  taking  of  Richard  the  Lion-Hearted's  Chateau  Gaillard. 

8:  Why  has  the  day  of  Bouvines  been  called  "  the  greatest  single  day  in  the  history  of 
the  Middle  Ages  "  ?  Point  out  important  results  for  three  countries. 

9.  How  was  the  financial  and  military  organization  which  supported  Philip  at  Bouvines 
created?  What  makes  this  "  the  first  modern  battle  "?  (£1^1325) 

10.  What  was  the  attitude  of  the  French  kings  toward  the  communes  and  non-nobles? 
Did  they  respect  the  rights  of  the  feudal  nobles? 

1 1 .  How  did  Blanche  of  Castile  save  the  monarchy  for  Louis  IX  ?    Has  any  woman  ever 
ruled  France  in  her  own  right?    Has  France  broken  or  kept  the  true  Salic  law?    (H) 

12.  Show  that  Louis  IX  was  "another  Aurelius,  a  better  Charlemagne,  richly  meriting 
the  title  of  Saint."    Quote  his  good  advice  in  regard  to  dress.   (RRX) 

13.  April  10,  1302,  an  assembly  of  the  barons,  chief  ecclesiastics,  and  deputies  of  com- 
munes "  to  deliberate  on  certain  affairs  concerning  in  the  highest  degree  King, 
Kingdom,  Church,  and  all  and  sundry,"  marks  what  beginning?    Why  did  it  not 
become  as  dangerous  to  the  power  of  the  king  as  the  English  Parliament? 

14.  Discover  from  our  word  seigniorage  the  condition  of  the  coinage  under  Philip  the 
Fair.    Why  was  he  called  "the  lawyer's  king"?  "the  most  modern  of  European 
monarchs  "? 

15.  Write  a  brief  account  of  the  Hundred  Years'  War  from  the  French  point  of  view. 

1 6.  What  in  France  corresponds  to  the  English  Peasants'  Revolt  of  1381? 

1 7.  Describe  the  most  notable  effort  for  constitutional  government  in  France  before  1789. 
Was  the  victory  of  monarchy  over  aristocracy  in  France  a  victory  for  freedom  ?    Does 
Third  Estate  mean  the  people  ? 

1 8.  On  what  field  was  patriotism  shown  for  the  first  time  in  history?    What  in  an  aristo- 
crat corresponds  to  patriotism  in  the  people? 

19.  Show  how  the  unification  of  France  was  accomplished  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XL    Does 
he  deserve  to  be  called  the  "  most  rascally  of  rascals"  and  "  the  universal  spider"? 

20.  Why  should  southern  France  have  had  a  higher  civilization  than  northern?    How 
was  it  destroyed?    Quote  Lavisse's  estimate  of  the  influence  of  France  upon  culture. 

21.  Point  out  the  three  elements  of  Western  civilization  represented  in  the  romances  of 
the  Trouveurs.    Tell  the  song-story  of  Aucassin  and  Nicolete. 

22.  Why  is  Froissart  a  favorite  with  boys?    Repeat  his  tale  of  the  Black  Prince  and  King 
John. 

28 


The  Rise  of  Spain 

I.  CONDITION  UNDER  MOSLEM  RULE. 
II.  CRUSADE  AGAINST  THE  MOORS. 

III.  FOUNDATION  OF  SPANISH  MONARCHY. 

1.  Union  of  Castile  and  Aragon  (1479). 

2.  Conquest  of  Granada  (1492). 

IV.  STRENGTHENING  OF  THE  MONARCHY  :  FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 

V.  SPANISH  CHARACTER. 

1.  Effect  of  the  Moorish  wars. 

2.  Influence  of  the  Inquisition. 

VI.  SPANISH  LANGUAGE  AND  LITERATURE. 

1.  Spread  of  Castilian  speech. 

2 .  The  national  epic  :  the  Cid. 

"Granada  in  the  days  of  Yusef  was  as  a  silver  vase  filled  with  emeralds  and  jacinths." 

1.  Describe  the  civilization  of  Spain  under  her  Moslem  rulers.    How  did  they  treat  the 
conquered  peoples?    (Mix) 

2.  What  important  industries  did  the  Moors  introduce  into  the  West?    Give  some  idea 
of  their  commerce.    Make  a  list  of  words  which  we  owe  to  them. 

3.  For  how  many  years  did  the  Saracens  rule  Spain?    Describe  some  of  the  most 
wonderful  remains  of  their  architecture. 

4.  Repeat  Irving' s  tale  of  Alhamar,  the  founder  of  the  Alhambra. 

5 .  Show  that  the  struggle  of  the  Christian  princes  with  the  Moslems  is  well  named  "  a 
perpetual  crusade."    What  was  the  chief  reason  for  the  ineffectiveness  of  this  crusade? 

6.  About  what  time  were  the  Moslem  possessions  limited  to  Granada? 

7.  What  does  the  story  of  the  Cid  show  was  the  course  of  a  soldier  of  fortune  in  the 
wars  with  the  Moors? 

8.  What  problems  faced  Ferdinand  and  Isabella?    How  did  they  establish  order  ? 

9.  What  did  the  fall  of  Granada  mean  for  Spain  and  her  position  in  Europe? 

10.  Why  did  the  people   secure    political   rights   in   Spain    earlier   than  in    any  other 
European  country?    By  what  means  did  Ferdinand   increase   the  royal  power  at 
the  expense  of  the  nobility?    (MM4o8) 

11.  What  is  the.  darkest  stain  upon  the  reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella?    What  did 
Queen  Isabella  say  herself  that  she  had  done  "  in  the  love  of  Christ "  ? 

12.  Describe  the  scene  in  the  life  of  Isabella  which  is  of  most  interest  to  Americans. 

13.  Why  may  Ferdinand  be  called  the  father  of  modern  international  politics?    How  did 
he  use  the  Inquisition  to  unify  his  kingdom? 

14.  Explain  the  origin  of  the  peculiar  characteristics  of  the  Spaniards  which  put  them 
out  of  sympathy  with  the  other  European  peoples. 

1 5 .  Account  for  the  marvelous  growth  of  Spain  which  made  her  the  wonder  of  sixteenth- 
century  Europe.    (H257) 

1 6.  Tell  the  story  of  the  formation  of  the  little  state  of  Portugal  by  Christian  knights. 
When  did  it  acquire  the  dignity  of  a  kingdom  ?    (MM) 

29 


Growth  of  the  German  Nation  to  1519 

I.  THE  KINGDOM  OF  THE  EAST  FRANKS  (843). 

1 .  Character  of  the  kingdom. 

2.  Its  possibilities. 

II.  OTTO  THE  GREAT. 

1.  Revival  of  the  Empire  (963). 

2.  Consequences  to  Germany  and  Italy. 

III.  THE    HOHENSTAUFEN    EMPERORS   (1138-1254). 

1.  Frederick  Barbarossa  (1152-1190). 

a.  Absorption  in  Italian  affairs. 

b.  Glory  of  the  Empire  revived. 

2.  Henry  VI  and  Frederick  II  (1190-1250). 

a.  Kingdom  of  Sicily. 

b.  'Policy  in  Germany. 

3.  Condition  of  Germany  :  neglect  of  the  emperors. 

IV.  THE  INTERREGNUM  (1254-1273). 

1.  The  seven  Electors. 

2.  Sale  of  the  Empire. 

3.  Growth  of  freedom. 

a.  Confederations  of  towns  ;  Hanseatic  League. 

b.  Free  imperial  cities. 

V.  RISE  OF  THE  Swiss  REPUBLIC. 

i.  Struggle  with  the  House  of  Hapsburg. 
.2.  The  Everlasting  Compact  (1291). 

a.  Famous  battles ;  Morgarten,  Sempach,  Nafels. 

b.  Swiss  heroes  ;  William  Tell,  Arnold  of  Winkelried. 
3.  Swiss  Confederation  (1499). 

VI.  THE  BOHEMIANS. 

1.  Relations  with  England. 

2.  The  Hussites. 

a.  John  Huss  and  Jerome  of  Prague. 

b.  Result  of  the  Crusade. 

VII.  THE  HOUSE  OF  HAPSBURG. 

1.  Hereditary  emperors  since  1438. 

2.  Maximilian  I :  attempts  at  constitutional  reform. 

VIII.  CONDITION  OF  GERMANY  AT  THE  CLOSE  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES. 
IX.  GERMAN  LITERATURE. 

1 .  The  German  epic  :  Lay  of  the  Nibelungs. 

2.  The  Minnesingers  :  influence  of  their  songs. 

3.  Romances  of  chivalry  :  Parsifal. 

4.  Influence  of  Humanism. 


Studies  ,on  the  Growth  of  the  German  Nation  to  1519 

1.  From  what  year  may  we  properly  speak  of  a  France  and  a  Germany?    What  was 
the  chief  task  of  the  kings  of  Germany  to  the  time  of  Otto  the  Great? 

2.  What  conditions  on  the  eastern  borders  of  Germany  increased  the  power  of  the 
dukes  and  counts?    When  do  the  separate  histories  of  Austria  and  Prussia  begin? 

3.  In  what  respect  was  the  crowning  of  Otto  as  Emperor  of  Rome  a  fatal  step  for  both 
Germany  and  Italy?    Which  country  suffered  more  from  its  consequences?    Was 
there  any  compensation? 

4.  What  victory  of  Otto  may  be  ranked  with  Chalons  and  Tours?    Describe  the  mode 
of  life  and  coming  into  Europe  of  the  conquered  race.    What  do  you  suppose  they 
thought  of  the  military  prowess  of  Europe?    Sketch  their  subsequent  history.    (Cx) 

5.  Show  that  the  imperial  power  of  Otto  is  more  unlike  than  like  Charlemagne's.    (En) 

6.  Explain  why  Otto's  reign  deserves  to  be  called  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  in 
German  history.    What  mistake  did  his  son  and  grandson  make? 

7.  What  was  the  new  policy  of  Frederick  Barbarossa?    Upon  what  maxim  of  Roman 
law  did  he  base  his  treatment  of  the  Italian  cities?    (Ax) 

8.  Describe  the  scene  at  the  Diet  of  Mainz  (1184),  which  marks  the  height  of  German 
monarchical  power.    (EM) 

9.  What  longing  of  the  Germans  found   expression  in  the  legend  of   the   sleeping 
Barbarossa? 

10.  Was  Frederick  II  rightfully  called  the  greatest  prince  in  the  world?    What  did  he 
do  for  Sicily?    Compare  his  rule  in  Germany.    (Hx) 

11.  What  evils  did  an  elective  monarchy  bring  to  Germany?    How  did  it  happen  that 
she  had  an  English  and  a  Spanish  king  at  the  same  time  ? 

12.  To  what  condition  did  "fist  right"  bring  Germany?    How  did  the  towns  defend 
themselves  ? 

13.  Write  a  paper  on  the  Hanseatic  League.    What  was  the  Steelyard? 

14.  What  did  the  policy  of  the  Electors  show  was  their  attitude  towards  a  national 
government?    Did  the  emperors  do  much  more  toward  reconstruction? 

15.  How  did  the  Hapsburg  family  become  established  in  Austria?    What  did  it  lose  at 
Morgarten  and  Sempach  ? 

1 6.  What  advantages  had  the  Swiss  in  their  struggle  for  independence?    Show  by  means 
of  a  map  the  growth  of  the  Swiss  Republic. 

17.  What  effect  did  the  Golden  Bull  of  Charles  IV  have  upon  the  constitution  of  Ger- 
many? Why  was  he  called  the  "  father  of  Bohemia  but  the  stepfather  of  the  Empire  "  ? 
From  what  event  dates  the  double-headed  eagle  as  the  ensign  of  Germany  ? 

18.  Who  was  the  last   emperor  to  be  crowned  at  Rome?    What  did  the  A.E.I.O.U. 
inscribed  on  all  his  possessions  mean?    (H258) 

19.  What  did  Maximilian  say  of  the  Fatherland  when  his  plans  for  peace  and  national 
unity  failed?    What  was  the  difficulty? 

20.  What  share  did  Charlemagne  have  in  the  beginnings  of  German  literature?    How 
did  Latin  Christianity  check  its  development? 

21.  Give  some  idea  of  the  Nibelungenlied.    Who  has  done  most  to  make  it  famous?    To 
what  other  national  epics  does  it  correspond? 

22.  How  great  was  the  influence  of  the  Minnesingers  of  Germany?    Name  the  great 
heroes  of  German  romance. 

31 


Mediaeval  Italy 
I.  THE  CONQUERORS  OF  ITALY. 
II.  ITALY  UNDER  THE  EMPERORS. 

III.  THE  CITY-REPUBLICS  :  LIBERTY  AND  DESPOTISM. 

IV.  ATTEMPTS  AT  POLITICAL  UNITY. 

1.  Rienzi,  Tribune  of  Rome  (1347)  :   success  and  failure. 

2.  The  Five  Great  States  :  rivalry  and  discord. 

3.  Influence  of  Macchiavelli. 

V.  INVASION  OF  CHARLES  VIII  (1495)  :  SAVONAROLA. 
VI.  NATIONAL  UNITY  THROUGH  THE  RENAISSANCE. 

This  land  of  Italy  !  no  other  land  on  the  face  of  the  earth  is  so  permeated,  so  inspired, 
with  the  spirit  of  the  past.  Nature  and  history  have  both  emptied  their  treasures  over 
her.  —  GREGOROVIUS. 

1.  Name  the  various  nations  which  conquered  and  ruled  in  Italy  during  the  Middle 
Ages.    What  do  you  mean  when  you  say  Italy  was  but  "  a  geographical  expression"? 

2.  Why  did  feudalism  never  gain  a  strong  hold  upon  Italy?    What  form  of  government 
took  its  place? 

3.  Explain  why  Italy  and  Germany  did  not  develop  national  governments  before  the 
last  half  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

4.  What  conditions  favored  the  rise  of  independent  cities  in  Italy? 

5.  What  was  the  first  great  lesson  learned  by  the  industrial  population  of  the  Italian 
cities?    What  institution  destined  to  revolutionize  European  life  resulted?    (EM285) 

6.  What  two  great  political  principles  fought  for  life  at  Legnano? 

7.  Point  out  principles  of  modern  international  law,  on  a  small  scale,  in  the  Lombard 
League. 

8.  What  did  Dante  consider  the  golden  age  of  Italy?    Can  you  see  why? 

9.  Describe   the   condition   of  Rome  when  Rienzi  appeared   as  her  deliverer.    What 
good  did  he  do?    How  did  he  ruin  his  influence? 

10.  When  did  Italy  become  independent  of  the  emperors?    Why  has  Italy  been  likened 
to  "an  old  man  of  the  sea  "  upon  the  neck  of  Germany? 

11.  Who  gave  most  support  to  despotic  rule  in  Italy?    How  did  he  propose  to  secure 
a  national  government?    Who  were  the  condottieri ? 

12.  Compare  the  government  of  Florence  with  that  of  an  American  city  under  "boss 
rule."    How  did  Savonarola  endeavor  to  make  it  a  model  state?    ^363) 

13.  Draw  conclusions  in  regard  to  the  condition  of  Italy  from  the  spectacular  promenade 
of  Charles  VIII.    What  was  its  effect  upon  the  French? 

14.  How  did  civilization  profit  from  the  political  discord  and  strenuous  freedom  of  the 
Italian  cities? 

15.  What  retarded  the  development  of  an  Italian  language?    Who  first  made  it  national? 
By  what  means? 


Northern  and  Eastern  Europe  to  1500 
I.  NORWAY,  DENMARK,  AND  SWEDEN  :  UNION  OF  CALMAR  (1397). 

II.  RUSSIA. 

1.  Rurik  :  union  of  Norsemen  and  Slavs  (about  862). 

2.  Loose  confederacy  of  warring  principalities  (1054-1240). 

3.  Mongol  invasion  :  devastation  and  subjection. 

4.  Rise  of  Muscovy  :  Ivan  the  Great  (1462-1505). 

III.  THE  TURANIAN  INVADERS. 

1.  The  Hungarians  or  Magyars. 

2.  The  Mongols  :  origin  and  character. 

a.  Conquest  of  Asia  and  Europe;  Jenghis  Khan  (1206). 

b.  Kublai  Khan  (1259)  and  Marco  Polo.    Tamerlane,  lord  of  all  Asia  (1369). 

c.  The  Great  Moguls  in  India  (1525)  ;  splendor  of  their  courts. 

d.  Effect  upon  European  civilization. 

3.  The  Ottoman  Turks. 

a.  Beginnings  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  in  Asia  Minor  (about  1250). 

b.  In  Europe  (about  1360)  ;  checked  by  Mongols. 

c.  Fall  of  Constantinople  (1453) ;  significance. 

d.  Influence  of  the  Turks  in  Europe. 

1.  Of  what  importance  are  the  Scandinavian  countries  in  mediaeval  history?    At  what 
time  were  they  most  prosperous  and  active? 

2.  Point  out  political  and  religious  reasons  for  the  isolation  of  Russia  in  the  Middle 
Ages.    How  did  it  serve  Europe? 

3.  Who  was  the  first  "Tzar  and  Autocrat  of  all  the  Russias  "?    What  did  he  do  for  his 
kingdom?    How  did  circumstances  help  him? 

4.  Contrast  the  effects  of  the  invasions  of  the  Germans  and  Turanians. 

5.  When  was  Hungary  numbered  among  the  Christian  states?    What  influence  did  the 
Christianizing  of  Hungary  have  upon  the  Crusades?    What  is  peculiar  about  the 
Hungarian  crown?    (EM  15 7) 

6.  Point  out  the  most  remarkable  achievements  of  the  Mongols  in  the  thirteenth  and 
fourteenth  centuries.    Why  should  Americans  be  interested  in  Marco  Polo? 

7.  Can  you  see  how  the  Tartar  scourge  aided  European  civilization?    How  great  was 
its  influence  upon  Russia? 

8.  Why  is  the  Kingdom  of  the  Great  Moguls  so  famous?    To  what  influences  are  the 
wonderful  art  and  architecture  of  the  Mongols  probably  due? 

9.  Trace  the  growth  of  the  Ottoman  Empire.    Why  did  not  the  European  states  unite 
in  a  crusade  against  the  Ottomans? 

10.  Why  were  the  Greek  emperors  able  to  hold  Constantinople  two  hundred  years  after 
the  overthrow  of  the  Latin  Empire? 

11.  When  did  it  look  as  if  the  Turks  would  place  the  Crescent  upon  the  dome  of 
St.  Peter's?    What  saved  Western  Europe?    Why  are  the  Turks  still  in  Europe? 


33 


The  Renaissance 

I.  THE  SPIRIT  AND  MEANING  OF  THE  "  NEW  BIRTH." 

II.  DEVELOPING  INFLUENCES. 

1 .  The  Crusades  :  Byzantine  and  Arab  culture. 

2.  Vernacular  -literatures  :  Scholasticism:   the  universities. 

3.  Town  life  :  trade  and  commerce. 

4.  The  Classics. 

• 

[II.  THE  ITALIAN  RENAISSANCE. 

1.  Causes. 

a.  Life  of  the  cities ;  Florence. 

b.  Classical  inheritance.    Dante. 

2.  Two  phases. 

a.  Revival  of  classical  literature  ;  Humanism. 

(1 )  Petrarch  and  his  disciples ;  Boccaccio. 

(2)  Study  of  Greek  and  search  for  manuscripts. 

(3)  Libraries ;  translation  and  criticism. 

(4)  Patrons ;  the  Medici  and  the  popes. 

(5)  Invention  of  printing;  the  Aldine  Press. 

b.  Revival  of  classical  art. 

(1)  Essential  characteristics. 

(2)  Painting,  the  supreme  art. 

(a)  Four  masters,  —  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  Raphael,  Michael  Angelo,  Titian. 

(b)  Subjects,  —  Christian  and  pagan. 

(3)  Sculpture ;  Niccola  Pisano,  Ghiberti,  Donatello. 

(4)  Architecture ;    Brunelleschi,  Alberti,  Bramante. 

3.  Resulting  paganism  and  immorality. 

4.  Spread  of  Humanism  to  the  North. 

IV.    EFFECTS  OF  THE  RENAISSANCE. 

1.  Ideas  of  life  and  its  use  revolutionized. 

2.  Christian  and  classical  culture  revived. 

3.  Literature  and  learning  reformed,  refined,  and  enriched. 

4.  Knowledge  increased  :  invention  and  discovery  encouraged. 


34 


Studies  on  the  Renaissance 

The  discovery  of  the  world  and  of  man.  —  MICHELET. 

A  new  love  of  the  things  of  the  intellect  and  the  imagination.  —  PATER. 

The  attainment  of  self-conscious  freedom  by  the  human  spirit.  —  SYMONDS. 

1.  What  caused  the  destruction  of  the  old  Roman  state  schools  and  the  loss  of  knowledge 
of  the  classics?   ' 

2.  Point  out  distinct  epochs  of  revival  which  foreshadowed  the  Renaissance  of  the 
fifteenth  century.    What  influence  had  Charlemagne  and  Frederick  II? 

3.  Why  was  Scholasticism  a  barrier  to  the  progress  of  true  knowledge?    What  were  its 
good  points  ?    Why  did  the  vernacular  literatures  stir  men  as  it  never  could  ? 

4.  Show  that  Dante  and  Abelard   belong  to   the  modern  world  although  thoroughly 
mediaeval  men.    How  did  a  man  of  the  Middle  Ages  differ  from  a  modern  man  in 
his  individuality?    (Axv) 

5.  The  Italians  were  "  the  first-born  among  the  sons  of  modern  Europe."    Why? 

6.  Was  Petrarch  more  or  less  modern  than  Dante?    Why  is  to  understand  Petrarch  to 
understand  the  Renaissance?    Quote  from  his  description  of  himself.    (RR524) 

7.  What  led  Petrarch  to  say  that  the  first  of  poets  and  the  first  of  philosophers  took 
up  their  abode  with  him?    Can  you  say  the  same? 

8.  For  what  is  the  world  most  grateful  to  Boccaccio?    Why  was  the  coming  into  Italy  of 
Chrysoloras,  the  Greek  teacher,  such  a  momentous  event  in  the  history  of  culture? 

9.  For  what  is  classical  antiquity  indebted  to  the  Renaissance?    Show  how  popes  and 
civil  rulers  alike  helped  in  the  work. 

10.  Give  some  account  of  the  founding  of  the  famous  Vatican  library.    (RR529)    How 
was  Italy  still  Magna  Grcecia  ? 

11.  Quote  Hallam's  estimate  of  the  importance  of  the  invention  of  the  art  of  printing. 
Give  some  idea  of  the  spread  of  the  art  through  Europe.    (H278) 

12.  Why  is  the  Aldine  Press  so  noted?    What  books  were  first  printed? 

13.  Explain  the  conditions  which  blighted  Humanism  in  Italy  and  drove  it  across  the 
Alps.    Account  for  the  different  spirit  of  the  Renaissance  in  the  North. 

14.  What  was  the  most  suitable  medium  for  the  expression  of  Christian  art?    Why  does 
the  history  of  art  in  the  Renaissance  become  a  history,  of  artists  ? 

15.  Name  the  only  modern  sculptor  worthy  to  be  placed  beside  the  greatest  of  ancient 
Greece.    What  did  he  say  of  Ghiberti's  masterpiece  ? 

1 6.  Quote  Vasari  on  the  versatility  of  Leonardo  da  Vinci.    (RR535) 

1 7 .  Which  of  the  sciences  that  grew  up  in  the  Renaissance  most  influenced  the  writing 
of  history?    Find  some  parallels  to  the  work  of  modern  scholars. 

1 8.  What  geographical  discoveries  were  opening  a  New  World  to  the  New  Spirit  of  the 
Modern  Age  ?    Does  the  work  of  Columbus  belong  to  ancient  or  to  modern  times  ? 

19.  Why  was  France  inhospitable  to  the  New  Learning?    In  what  does  she  show  the 
artistic  influence  of  the  Renaissance? 

20.  Do  you  see  how  the  Renaissance  led  the  world  to  lay  stress  upon  personality  rather 
than  upon  institutions? 

21.  In  what  relation  does  the  Renaissance  stand  to  the  religious  and  political  revolutions 
which  followed  it? 


35 


Studies  on  the  Middle  Ages 

1.  Prove  that  "between  the  civilization  of  Italy  in  the  seventh  and  in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
turies there  is  less  in  common  than  between  the  life  of  ancient  Athens  and  that  of 
Boston." 

2 .  What  does  Adams  consider  the  four  chief  sources  of  our  civilization  ?  the  distinctive 
difference  between  the  development  of  ancient  and  modern  civilization? 

3.  What  has  been  called  the  most  precious  legacy  of  Rome  to  the  world? 

4.  What  were  the  strongest  moving  forces  in  the  disruption  of  the  Roman  Empire 
in  the  West? 

5.  Show  the  chief  economic  causes  for  the  passing  of  power  from  the  Roman  State. 

6.  Compare  the  condition  of  Gaul  as  Caesar  found  it  with  its  condition  under  Roman 
rule,  and  under  the  Franks.    Compare  Clovis  and  Caesar.    (Ai) 

7.  When  and  why  were  the  Roman  legions  withdrawn  from  Britain?    Under  what  cir- 
cumstances was  the  connection  of  Britain  with  Roman  civilization  reestablished  ? 

8.  Describe  some  of  the  most  interesting  bits  of  ancient  Rome  in  England  to-day. 

9.  Name  some  English  counties  which  still  retain  the  names  of  early  tribal  kingdoms. 
Who  was  the  first  real  king  of  the  English? 

10.  Give  examples  of  peoples  who  were  invited  into  lands  of  which  they  became  con- 
querors or  despoilers. 

11.  When  did  a  horse  cost  less  than  his  bridle,  and  why?    Why  has  "  I  never  shall  see 
Carcassonne  "  become  a  type  of  a  sad  lament?    (B) 

12.  Why  is  the  reign  of  Charlemagne  a  turning  point  in  history?    What  prototype  had 
his  institution  of  the  missi  dominici  in  ancient  times? 

1:3.  When  do  we  catch  a  glimpse  for  the  first  time  in  European  history  of  a  family  of 
nations  living  within  distinct  boundaries  and  dealing  with  each  other  on  equal  terms  ? 
(Evi) 

14.  Where  do  we  find  the  beginning  of  the  problem  which  has  disturbed  the  peace  of 
Europe  ever  since,  —  the  problem  of  Alsace-Lorraine? 

15.  Explain  the  rise  of  the  political-religious  problem  which  is  the  center  of  interest  in 
mediaeval  history. 

1 6.  Show  the  services  of  feudalism  to  order  and  good  government.    What  caused  its 
decline?    When  did  it  disappear  as  a  political  power  in  France?    In  what  did  its 
influence  continue? 

17.  What  modem  institutions  were  born  in  the  feudal  castle,  the  mediaeval  town,  and  the 
monastery  ? 

1 8.  Name  several  important  leagues  of  cities  and  point  out  their  services  to  civilization. 
Why  did  the  city  never  play  so  important  a  part  in  England  as  on  the  Continent? 
(Axu) 

19.  What  does  the  increase  of  commerce  and  development  of  cities  mean  for  the  third 
estate?  for  law  and  order? 

20.  What  political  process  is  going  on  during  the  later  Middle  Ages  in  France?  in  Ger- 
many? in  England? 


Studies  on  the  Middle  Ages 

1.  Prove  that  "Kings  without  a  country,  rulers  without  authority,  clergymen  without 
religious  character,  laws  without  a  sanction,  privileges  without  rights"  are  common 
occurrences  in  mediaeval  times. 

2.  Prove  that  the  thirteenth  century  was  "above  all  things  the  age  of  the  lawyer  and 
legislator."    Why  should  lawyers  prove  more  loyal  servants  of  the  crown  than  nobles 
or  clergy? 

3.  What  rights  must  a  king  have  to  call  himself  "  the  State  "  ?    Who  was  the  first  French 
king  to  have  these  rights? 

4.  How  early  in  history  was  it  said  of  the  English  king,  "  He  is  appointed  to  protect 
his  subjects  and  their  lives,  properties,  and  laws ;  for  this  very  end  and  purpose  he 
has  the  delegation  of  power  from  the  people,  and  he  has  no  just  claim  to  any  other 
power  but  this  "? 

5.  Trace  the  origin  of  our  modern  jury  system.    How  does  it  protect  personal  liberty? 
Of  what  danger  is  it  in  a  democracy?    (Axiv) 

6.  How  long  did  the  English  kings  bear  the  title  King  of  France  ?    What  is  the  origin 
of  the  title  of  Dauphin  ?    Did  it  arise  before  or  after  that  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  ? 

7.  Contrast  the  development  of  monarchical  power  in  France  and  England. 

8.  Indicate  the  great  lines  of  progress  which  run  through  the  last  half  of  the  Middle 
Ages.    Account  for  the  distinctly  religious  character  of  thought. 

9.  Which  was  the  period  of  Rome's  deepest  barbarism?    Account  for  its  condition. 

10.  Contrast  the  mediaeval  with  the  modern  view  of  man  and  his  relation  to  the  world. 
Why  is  Roger  Bacon  such  a  pathetic  figure  of  the  thirteenth  century? 

11.  What  did  these  men  do  for  European  civilization,  —  the  monk,  the  crusader,  the 
wandering  scholar,  the  troubadour,  the  mendicant  friar,  the  merchant,  the  despot, 
the  longbowman? 

12.  Mention  the  piece  of  literature  which  best  embodies  the  national  spirit  of  each 
great  European  state  before  the  Renaissance. 

13.  To  what  do  these  lines  of  Longfellow  refer? 

This  poem  of  the  earth  and  air, 
This  mediaeval  miracle  of  song. 

14.  Why  was  the  Renaissance  "an  Italian  event"?    Point  out  some  ways  in  which  we 
are  children  of  the  Renaissance. 

15.  Who  was  "  the  Janus-faced  "?  "  the  first  modern  scholar  and  man  of  letters  "  ?  "  the 
father  of  Humanism  "?  "  the  fame  of  the  Tuscan  people  "? 

1 6.  In  the  closing  years  of  the  Middle  Ages  where  do  you  find  the  greatest  desire  for 
reform  and  a  deeper  religious  life? 

17.  Name  the  different  orders  of  architecture  which  had  their  rise  in  the  Middle  Ages, 
and  give  examples  of  each. 

1 8.  Describe  with  the  help  of  illustrations  some  famous  remains  of  mediaeval  architec- 
ture :  for  instance,  the  papal  palace  at  Avignon,  the  Castle  of  Falaise,  the  gates  of 
Lubeck,  the  cathedral  of  Rheims. 

19.  Can  you  prove  that  institutions  are  "really  only  the  habits  of  nations"?    Which 
of  the  institutions  of  the  Middle  Ages  exist  to-day? 


37 


Chronology  of  the  Middle  Ages 


West 

CENTURY 

East 

A.D. 
341         • 

.     Ulfilas,  bishop  of  the  Goths 

4th 

Goths  at  Hadrianople  .... 

A.D. 

•     •       378 

Death  of  Theodosius    .... 

•2QC 

4IO         . 

.     Alaric  sack's  Rome 

5th 

449     • 

.     Anglo-Saxons  in  England 

45i     • 

.     Huns  checked  at  Chalons 

476     . 

.     "  Fall  of  Rome  " 

486     . 

.     Franks  win  at  Soissons 

493     • 

.     Theodoric  rules  Italy 

568     . 

.     Lombards  in  Italy 

6th 

Justinian  restores  the  Empire     . 

•     •       553 

590     - 

.     Gregory  the  Great 

597     • 

.     Augustine  in  Britain 

7th 

The  Hegira  of  Mohammed    .     . 

.     .      622 

732     • 

.     Moors  checked  at  Tours 

8th 

800     . 

.     Charlemagne  crowned  Emperor 

843    • 

.     Treaty  of  Verdun 

9th 

878     . 

Peace  of  Wedmore 

Rurik  begins  Russia      .... 

.    .      862 

911     . 

.     Duchy  of  Normandy 

loth* 

962     . 

.     Otto  restores  the  Empire 

987     . 

Accession  of  Hugh  Capet 

Conversion  of  Russia 

088 

1066    . 

.     Norman  Conquest 

nth 

IO77 

First  Crusade 

IOQ6 

1122       . 

.     Concordat  of  Worms 

1  2th 

1  1  C4. 

Second  Crusade                        . 

1  147 

*  l  3*t 

1176     . 

.     Emperor  humbled  at  Legnano 

1180     . 

.     Philip  II  of  France 

Saladin  conquers  Jerusalem  .     . 

.   .    1184 

1215     . 

.     The  Great  Charter 

1  3th 

Christians  sack  Constantinople 

.   .   1204 

126'* 

Parliament 

Children's  Crusade  .                    . 

1212 

1270     . 

.     Death  of  Louis  IX 

1277 

Minor  Crusades    

I228—I29I 

l*/O 

I3O2       . 

.     The  States-General 

I4th 

1338       • 

.     Hundred  Years'  War 

1348       . 

.     The  Black  Death 

1778 

The  Great  Schism 

Il6o 

1414       . 

.     Council  of  Constance 

1  5th 

H31     • 

.     Joan  of  Arc 

J453     • 

.     English  driven  from  France 

Turks  take  Constantinople    .     . 

•      •       MS3 

Louis  XI 

Rise  of  Muscovy            .          .     . 

1462 

1479    • 

.     Union  of  Castile  and  Leon 

_ 

1485     . 

.     Bosworth  Field.    The  Tudors 

1492     . 

.     Conquest  of  Granada 

Discovery  of  America 

OUTLINES  AND  STUDIES   ON   THE 
MODERN  AGE 


Wait,  we  say,  our  years  are  long, 
Men  are  weak,  but  Man  is  strong. 
Since  the  stars  first  curved  their  rings 
We  have  looked  on  many  things ; 
Great  wars  come  and  great  wars  go, 
Wolf  tracks  light  on  polar  snow.  —  Lowell. 

That  drama  of  liberty  wherein  Renaissance  was  the  first  act,  Reformation  the  second, 
and  Revolution  the  third,  and  which  we  nations  of  the  present  are  still  evolving  in  estab- 
lishing the  democratic  idea.  —  Symonds. 

For  He  that  ruleth  high  and  wise, 

Nor  pauseth  in  His  plan, 
Will  take  the  sun  out  of  the  skies 

Ere  freedom  out  of  man.  —  Emerson. 

It  was  English  literature  which  taught  the  lesson  of  political  liberty,  first  to  France, 
and  then  France  to  the  rest  of  Europe.  —  Buckle. 

Imperialism  is  coming  to  its  appointed  end.  It  has  tired  out  the  peoples.  In  France, 
in  Germany,  in  Italy,  in  Russia,  —  everywhere  we  have  the  signs  of  reaction.  Liberal 
ideas  are  again  beginning  to  hold  the  world ;  to  inspire  and  govern  it.  That  is  natural, 
because  the  rule  of  force  is  seen  to  be  absolutely  unbearable.  —  The  Speaker. 

The  time  of  conquest  is  past.    It  is  not  by  extending  the  boundaries  of  its  territory 
that  a  nation  can  henceforward  be  honored  and  powerful,  but  by  placing  itself  at  the 
head  of  generous  ideas  and  spreading  everywhere  the  empire  of  justice  and  right.— 
Louis  Napoleon. 

The  law  of  righteousness  and  justice  on  which  the  great  and  free  American  people 
should  act  .  .  .  depends  not  on  parallels  of  latitude  or  meridians  of  longitude  or  points 
of  the  compass.  It  is  the  same  in  the  eastern  archipelago  as  in  the  Antilles.  It  is  the 
same  in  the  islands  of  the  sea  as  on  the  continent.  It  is. the  same  yesterday,  to-day,  and 
forever.  It  is  as  true  now  as  when  our  fathers  declared  it  in  1776.  The  only  powers  of 
government  the  American  people  can  recognize  are  just  powers,  and  those  powers  rest 
upon  the  consent  of  the  governed.  —  Hoar. 


Outline  of  Modern  History 


ERA  OF 

PROTESTANT 

REVOLUTION 

(1492-1648) 


Discoveries  and  Colonization. 
The  German  Protestants. 
Ascendancy  of  Spain. 
The  Catholic  Reformation. 
The  English  Protestants. 
.  Religious  Wars  on  the  Continent. 


ERA  OF 

POLITICAL 

REVOLUTION 

(1648-1900) 


Ascendancy  of  France  under  Louis  XIV. 

The  Stuarts  and  the  English  Revolution. 

Rise  of  Russia  and  Prussia. 

The  Bourbons  and  the  French  Revolution. 

The  Napoleonic  Period. 

Restoration  and  Democratic  Reaction. 


Discovery  and  Colonization  in  the  isth  and  i6th  Centuries 

I.  SIGNS  OF  THE  NEW  AGE. 

1 .  Intellectual  activity :   Copernicus  and  Galileo. 

2.  Religious  inquiry  :   the  reformers. 

3.  Political  progress  :   the  new  nations. 

4.  Useful  inventions  :  printing,  gunpowder,  the  compass. 

II.  MARITIME  EXPLORATIONS. 

1 .  Mediaeval  ideas  of  the  Eartlx 

2.  Portuguese  expeditions. 

a.  Prince  Henry  (1394-1460). 

b.  Coasting  Africa ;  the  slave  trade. 

c.  Bartholomew  Diaz;  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  (1486). 

d.  Vasco  da  Gama  doubles  the  Cape  (1498). 

3.  Spanish  expeditions. 

a.  Effect  of  the  "Demarcation  Line." 

b.  Previous  knowledge  of  the  Indies  and  Cathay. 

c.  Columbus ;   his  unique  career. 

d.  Magellan;  circumnavigation  of  the  globe  (1519-1522). 

e.  Ponce  de  Leon,  Balboa,  de  Soto,  Orellano. 

4.  Influence  upon  men's  minds. 

III.  COLONIAL  EMPIRES. 

1.  Portuguese  settlements. 

a.  On  the  coasts  and  islands  of  Africa. 

b.  In  the  East  Indies. 

c.  In  America. 

2.  Spanish  possessions. 

a.  Conquest  of  Mexico ;  Cortez  (1519— 1521). 

b.  Conquest  of  Peru ;   Pizarro  (1532-1536). 

c.  Greater  Spain. 

3.  Importance  to  the  European  States. 

IV.  PARALLELS  IN  THE  SIXTEENTH  AND  NINETEENTH  CENTURIES. 


43 


Studies  on  Discovery  and  Colonization  in  the  i$th  and  i6th  Centuries 

Such  an  era  of  romantic  enterprise  the  world  has  never  seen  before  or  since.  —  FISKE. 

1 .  Can  you  explain  why  the  voyages  of  the  Northmen  in  the  tenth  and  eleventh  cen- 
turies were  not  followed  up  and  the  New  World  discovered  earlier  ? 

2.  Point  out  the  conditions  in  eastern  Europe  in  the  fifteenth  century  which  forced 
the  search  for  an  outside  route  to  India. 

3.  Follow  the  course  of  a  bag  of  spice  from  Calcutta  to  Venice  before  the  opening  of 
the  Cape  route.    Explain  how  the  merchants  disposed  of  their  goods.    (W82) 

4.  Why  were  Portugal  and  Spain  naturally  the  pioneers  in  maritime  discoveries  ?   What 
prevented  Germany  from  undertaking  such  enterprises  ? 

5 .  What  motives  impelled  the  explorers  ?    Why  should  the  desire  for  spices  be  the  chief 
motive  ?    Show  the  effect  of  legends  like  that  of  Prester  John  ;  and  the  influence  of 
the  travels  of  the  Polo  brothers. 

6.  Compare  the  caravels  of  the  fifteenth  century  with  the  Norwegian  "  dragons  "  of  the 
tenth.    Why  did  the  navigators  of  this  period  need  keener  intellectual  powers  than 
those  of  to-day? 

7.  How  did  the  Portuguese  get  into  the  habit  of  sailing  south  along  the  coast  of  Africa? 
What  discoveries  of  Prince  Henry  were  epoch-making  ? 

8.  Explain  why  the  Portuguese  pushed  to  the  east  and  the  Spanish  to  the  west. 

9.  Why  have  the  voyages  of  the  fifteenth  century  been  called  "a  race  for  the  Indies"? 
Mark  the  steps  in  its  progress.    Which  nation  won  the  race?    Which  profited  most 
by  'the  results  ? 

10.  Illustrate  by  actual  occurrences  the  perils  which  threatened  the  sailors  who  entered 
Spanish  or  Portuguese  waters  after  the  "  Demarcation  Line  "  was  drawn. 

11.  Was  it  fortunate  or  otherwise  that  Columbus  was  ignorant  of  the  size  of  the  Earth? 
What  convictions  urged  him  on  in  his  undertaking? 

12.  In  what  respects  do  Toscanelli's  map  and  Behaim's  globe  most  differ  from  the  maps 
and  globes  of  to-day? 

13.  What  traits  of  Columbus  make  him  a  superior  type  of  the  modern  man  ? 

14.  Contrast  Vasco  da  Gama's  return  from  the  Indies  in  1499  and  that  of  Columbus  in 
1500.    What  do  we  regret  that  Columbus  did  not  know  before  he  died? 

15.  What  did  Magellan's  contemporaries  say  of  his  exploit  ?    Compare  his  achievements 
with  those  of  Columbus.    Do  you  agree  with  Draper? 

1 6.  Explain:   "There  go  the  sons  of  the  Admiral  of  Mosquito-land,  the  man  who  has 
discovered  a  land  of  vanity  and  deceit,  the  grave  of  Spanish  gentlemen." 

17.  To  what  in  ancient  history  may  the  expansion  of  Europe  into  Greater  Europe  be 
compared?    Why  were  England  and  France  so  late  in  establishing  colonial  empires? 

1 8.  What  reasons  have  been  given  for  the  low  stage  of  civilization  in  the  New  World? 
Of  what  service  has  this  primitive  civilization  been  to  the  historian? 

19.  Give  some  account  of  the  civilization  of  Mexico  and  Peru  before  the  Spanish  con- 
quest.   What  do  the  revolting  crimes  of  the  conquerors  foreshadow  to  you? 

20.  How  was  it  that  men  like  Prince  Henry  and  Las  Casas  were  led  to  countenance 
negro  slavery?    Why  does  Fiske  class  the  latter  with  Garrison  and  Lincoln? 


44 


The  Beginnings  of  the  Reformation 

I.  GERMANY  BEFORE  THE  PROTESTANT  REVOLUTION. 

1 .  Political  confusion  :  conflicting  claims  of  Church  and  State. 

2.  Social  and  economic  conditions. 

3.  Intellectual  activity  :  influence  of 

a.  The  Italian  Renaissance. 

b.  The  Oxford  Reformers,  —  Colet,  Erasmus,  More. 

c.  The  German  humanists,  —  Agricola,  Reuchlin,  Hutten. 

d.  The  printing  press. 

4.  Religious  awakening. 

a.  Popular  enthusiasm. 

b.  Dissatisfaction  with  the  Church. 

c.  Desire  for  reform. 

d.  Reformers  within  the  Church. 

II.  THE  LUTHERAN  REVOLT. 

1.  Martin  Luther,  Augustinian  monk  and  professor  of  theology. 

a.  Early  life  and  training. 

b.  Theses  against  Tetzel  (1517). 

c.  Address  to  the  German  nobility. 

d.  Defense  at  Diet  of  Worms. 

e.  At  the  Wartburg ;  the  German  Bible. 

2.  Progress  of  the  Revolt. 

a.  Influence  of  fanatics  and  the  Peasants'  War. 

b.  Secularization  of  Church  property ;  Duchy  of  Prussia. 

c.  Second  Diet  of  Spires ;  Protestants  (1529). 

d.  Augsburg  Confession  ;  Melanchthon. 

III.  THE  CATHOLIC  REACTION. 

1.  Divisions  among  Protestants  :  Lutherans,  Zwinglians,  Calvinists. 

2.  Catholic  Reformation. 

a.  Council  of  Trent  (1563)  ;  correction  of  abuses. 

b.  Carlo  Borromeo  in  Italy. 

c.  The  Inquisition;  attitude  of  both  sides  toward  nonce:. formisf 

d.  Society  of  Jesus  (1540). 

1 i )  Loyola  ;  educational  conquests. 

(2)  Xavier  ;  missionary  conquests. 

3.  Spam's  championship  of  Catholicism. 

IV.  THE  HUNDRED  YEARS  OF  RELIGIOUS  WARS. 
V.  RESULTS  OF  THE  PROTESTANT  REVOLT. 


45 


P 


Studies  on  the  Protestant  Revolution 

The  Elbe  with  all  its  waves  could  not  furnish  tears  enough  to  weep  over  the  miseries  of 
the  distracted  Reformation.  —  MELANCHTHON. 

1.  What  revolts  against  the  mediaeval  Church  antedate   the   Protestant  Revolution? 
What  had  they  accomplished  ? 

2.  Show  that  the  Protestant  Revolt  was  a  political  and  social  even  more  than  it  was  a 
religious  movement. 

3.  Describe  the  political  organization  of  Germany  at  the  opening  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury.   In  whose  hands  was  the  real  power?    How  was  justice  obtained?    (Rxxiv) 

4.  Describe  the  economic  condition  of  the  German  people  before  the  Revolution.    What 
was  the  religious  feeling  of  the  time? 

5.  Show  the  influence  of  the  humanists  upon  German  thought.    What  fear  of  Erasmus 
regarding  the  influence  of  the  New  Learning  had  been  realized? 

6.  What  causes  of  discontent  with  the  administration  of  the  Church  led  the  German 
people  to  desire  some  sort  of  reform? 

7.  What  was  the  feeling  of  most  of  the  reformers  in  regard  to  the  unity  of  Christendom? 
How  did  they  hope  to  bring  about  needed  reforms? 

8.  Compare  the  convictions  of  Erasmus  and  Luther.    What  was  the  attitude  of  Erasmus 
toward  the  Lutheran  movement? 

9.  On  what  grounds  did  the  Emperor  in  the  Edict  of  Worms  declare  Luther  an  outlaw? 
What  did  the  Edict  say  of  his  writings? 

10.  What  is  the  debt  of  the  German  language  and  literature  to  Luther? 

11.  What  brought  discredit  upon  the   Protestant  cause?    Explain  the  attitude  of  the 
German  princes. 

12.  Was  there  any  such  thing  as  religious  toleration  in  this  period?   What  determined  the 
religious  belief  of  a  people?    Did  Protestantism  bring  toleration? 

13.  Gather  statements  from  the  "Twelve  Articles"  showing  the  misery  of  the  German 
peasants.    Did  they  gain  anything  by  revolt  ?    Compare  the  peasant  wars  in  France 
and  England  with  the  German  revolt. 

14.  Explain  the  origin  of  the  term  "  Protestant."    What  is  the  importance  of  the  Augs- 
burg Confession  ? 

15.  Can  you  account  for  the  rise  of  so  many  Protestant  sects?    What  immediate  results 
were  most  deplorable? 

1 6.  Point  out  the  good  effect  of  the  Protestant  Revolt  upon  the  Church  itself.    Why  did 
great  numbers  turn  again  to  the  historic  Church? 

17.  Estimate  the  importance  of  the  service  of  the  Jesuits  to  the  Church  and  the  cause 
of  education.    Quote  Parkman  on  the  purpose  of  Loyola.    (Win) 

1 8.  Into  what  lands  did  Xavier  carry  Christianity?    Give  some  idea  of  the  work  of  the 
Jesuits  in  the  New  World. 

19.  To  what  must  we  ascribe  the  great  influence  of  Calvinism?    Name  some  bodies  of 
Calvinists  which  have  had  great  political  influence. 

20.  What  influence  had  these  men  upon  the  Protestant  Revolution? —  Colet,  Reuchlin, 
Ulrica  von  Hutten,  John  Tetzel,  John  Eck,  Charles  V,  the  Elector  of  Saxony. 


The  Ascendancy  of  Spain 

I.  REIGN  OF  EMPEROR  CHARLES  V  (1519-1556). 

1.  Dominions  of  Charles  :  extent  and  character. 

2.  Difficulties  facing  the  Emperor. 

a.  The  Protestant  Revolution. 

b.  Rivalry  of  Francis  I  of  France. 

c.  Attacks  of  Solyman  the  Magnificent. 

3.  Wars  with  Francis  I  (1521-1544). 

a.  First  War  ;  misfortunes  of  Francis,  the  Chevalier  Bayard. 

b.  Second  war  ;  sack  of  Rome,  the  Ladies'  Peace. 

c.  Third  war  ;  alliance  between  Francis  and  the  Turks. 

d.  Fourth  war  ;  the  struggle  ended. 

e.  Far-reaching  consequences. 

4.  Defense  of  Europe  against  the  Turks  :  Tunis  and  Algiers. 

5.  Alliance  with  Francis  against  heretics. 

a.  Persecution  of  the  Waldenses. 

b.  Wars  with  Protestant  princes. 

(1)  Schmalkald  League;  Maurice  of  Saxony. 

(2)  Religious  Peace  of  Augsburg  (1555). 

c.  The  Inquisition  in  the  Netherlands. 

6.  Abdication  of  Charles  (1555,  1556)  :  his  last  days. 

II.  REIGN  OF  PHILIP  II  (1556-1598). 

1.  Philip,  the  man  :  a  typical  Spaniard. 

a.  Character  and  ability. 

b.  Principles  of  government. 

2.  Royal  domains  and  revenues  in  the  Old  World  and  the  New. 

3.  Wars  of  Philip. 

a.  Success  in  France  (1557,  1558). 

b.  Crusade  against  the  Moriscos. 

c.  Turkish  power  finally  checked  at  Lepanto  (1571). 

d.  Acquisition  of  Portugal  ;  the  Duke  of  Alva. 

(1)  Effect  upon  Spanish  power. 

(2)  Influence  upon  Dutch  and  English  colonization. 

e.  The  "Invincible  Armada"  (1588). 

III.  REIGN  OF  PHILIP  III  (1598-1621). 

1.  Expulsion  of  the  Moriscos  (1609,  1610). 

2.  Loss  of  the  Protestant  Netherlands  (1609). 

IV.  REASONS  FOR  THE  DECADENCE  OF  SPANISH  POWER. 


A/V>^ 

47  ' 


Studies  on  the  Ascendancy  of  Spain 

The  splendid  tragedy  of  Spanish  civilization.  —  GORE. 

1.  In  what  respects  do  we  find  that  the  land  and  the  people  of  Spain  correspond  in 
character?    How  many  races  are  mingled  in  the  Spaniards  of  to-day? 

2.  In  what  sort  of  places  do  we  find  the  cities  and  towns  of  Spain?    Why? 

3.  What  responsibilities  fell  upon  the  shoulders  of  Charles,  grandson  of  Ferdinand  I  of 
Spain,  at  the  age  of  sixteen?  before  he  was  twenty?    With  which  of  his  peoples  was 
he  most  in  sympathy? 

4.  What  did  the  European  world  expect  Charles,  with  all  his  power,  to  do  ?    How  strong 
were  his  opponents? 

5.  What  is  meant  by  the  "balance  of  power  "  in  Europe?    When  did  the  system  really 
begin?    How  is  it  the  key  to  this  period  of  history? 

6.  Did  Spain  gain  or  lose  by  Charles's  acquisition  of  imperial  power?    Can  you  draw  a 
parallel?    To  what  condition  did  Charles  bring  the  Spanish  cities?    (Bin). 

7.  What  were  the  chief  bones  of  contention  between  Charles  and  Francis?    Outline  the 
important  events  of  the  wars  which  resulted.    On  the  whole,  was  this  contest  a  bless- 
ing or  a  curse  to  Europe? 

8.  In  what  purpose  were  Charles  and  Francis  at  one?    Had  they  the  same  motives? 

9.  For  what  have  the  Waldenses  been  persecuted  almost  to  our  own  time?    What  are 
they  doing  to-day? 

10.  What  influence  had  Luther  always  exerted  in  wars  against  civil  rulers? 

11.  What  success  did  Charles  have  in  his  wars  with  the  Protestant  princes? 

12.  Can  you  excuse  the  behavior  of  Maurice  of  Saxony?    Contrast  him  with  the  Cheva- 
lier Bayard. 

13.  What  did  the  Peace  of  Augsburg  fail  to  consider?    For  what  did  it  prepare  the  way? 
How  did  the  Turks  aid  the  Protestants? 

14.  Whose  example  and  teachings  directed  the  policy  "of  the  pitiless  Philip  the  Second 
and  the  imbecile  Philip  the  Third  "?    Quote  some  of  his  advice. 

15.  Did  Philip  II  inherit  all  his  father's  possessions?    In  what  respects  was  he  more 
fortunate  than  his  father? 

1 6.  What  was  the  result  of  Philip's  faith  in  his  saying,  "Time  and  I  are  a  match  for 
any  other  two  "? 

17.  Show  the  effect  on  the  economic  condition  of  Spain  of  the  wealth  poured  into  it 
from  the  New  World. 

1 8.  Describe  the  effect  upon  the  prosperity  of  Spain  of  the  policy  of  Charles  and  his  son 
towards  the  Moriscos. 

19.  What  war  is  memorable  as  the  last  success  of  Spain  over  France?    Describe  the 
wonderful  building  which  is  its  monument. 

20.  What  was  the  worst  consequence  of  the  Turkish  power  in  the  Mediterranean  in  the 
sixteenth  century?    Why  is  the  battle  of  Lepanto  so  famous? 

21.  If  you  judged  Philip  the  Second  by  his  letters  to  his  daughters  only,  what  would  you 
say  of  him?   (RRi7o)    In  what  remarkable  words  does  Blok  bring  out  the  two  sides 
of  his  character? 

22.  Name  the  chief  diseases  which  caused  the  decline  of  Spain.    Shall  we  blame  the 
kings  alone? 

48 


The  Tudors  and  the  English  Protestants 

I.  IMPORTANCE  OF  THE  TUDOR  PERIOD. 
II.  HENRY  VII  (1485-1509) :  FOUNDER  OF  A  STRONG  MONARCHY. 

1.  The  two  pretenders. 

2.  Henry's  greed  :  benevolences  and  fines. 

3.  Matrimonial  alliances, — fortunate  and  unfortunate. 

4.  Maritime  enterprises  :   the  Cabots. 

III.  HENRY  VIII  (1509-1547). 

1.  Conditions  surrounding  his  accession. 

2.  Cardinal  Wolsey,  Archbishop  and  Lord  Chancellor. 

a.  Ability  and  influence. 

b.  Patriotic  aims. 

3.  Henry  on  the  Continent :  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold.    Flodden  Field. 

4.  "Defender  of  the  Faith"  (1521). 

5.  Fall  of  Wolsey.    Cromwell's  Reign  of  Terror. 

6.  Breach  with  Rome. 

a.  Acts  of  Parliament ;  papal  bull. 

b.  Act  of  Supremacy  (1534). 

c.  Suppression  of  monasteries ;  effect  upon  Parliament. 

7.  Henry's  wives:  Cromwell  and  bills  of  attainder. 

8.  Character  and  service  of  Henry  VIII. 

IV.  EDWARD  VI  (1547-1553):  CHANGES  IN  CREED  AND  RITUAL. 

1.  Book  of  Common  Prayer  and  Forty- two  Articles. 

2.  Acts  for  Uniformity  of  Service. 

V.  QUEEN  MARY  (1553-1558)  :  CATHOLIC  REACTION. 

1 .  Protestant  revolt :   Lady  Jane  Grey. 

2.  Marriage  to  .Philip  II  (1554).    Loss  of  Calais  (1558). 

3.  Reconciliation  with  Rome. 

VI.  QUEEN  ELIZABETH  (1558-1603)  :  FINAL  ESTABLISHMENT  OF  PROTESTANTISM. 

1.  Character,  ability,  and  popularity. 

2.  Ministers  of  "  Good  Queen  Bess." 

3.  Acts  of  Supremacy  and  Uniformity  (1559)  :  Puritans  and  Separatists. 

4.  Rivalry  of  Mary  Stuart,  Queen  of  Scots. 

5.  Philip's  Crusade  :  effect  upon  the  English  people. 

a.  The  Spanish  Armada;  tactics  of  the  English  (1588). 

b.  The  Tyrone  rebellion  ;  destruction  of  Cadiz. 

c.  Results  to  England  and  to  Protestantism. 

6.  Maritime  and  colonial  enterprises. 

a.  Achievements  of  Drake,  Raleigh,  and  Frobisher. 

b.  Gifts  of  the  New  World  to  the  Old. 

VII.  ENGLISH  LITERATURE  OF  THE  SIXTEENTH  CENTURY, 

1.  Influence  of  the  humanists  :  More's  Utopia. <^* 

2.  Elizabethan  Age  :   Spenser,  Shakespeare,  Bacon. 

49 


Studies  on  the  Tudors  and  the  English  Protestants 

1.  What  dangers  to  popular  government  appeared  in  the  age  of  the  Tudors?    Point  out 
the  only  thing  which  prevented  England  from  becoming  as  absolute  a  monarchy 
as  was  France. 

2.  Why  did  Henry  VII  pursue  a  peace  policy?    How  did  he  judge  his  friends?    Relate 
the  experience  of  Erasmus  with  Henry's  revenue  laws.    (Mogi) 

3.  What  seems  to  you  the  most  worthy  achievement  of  Henry  VII's  reign?    Outline  the 
voyages  upon  which  the  English  based  their  claim  to  the  best  part  of  North  America. 

4.  Show  the  result  of  Henry  VIII's  abandonment  of  his  father's  peace  policy.    Can  you 
prove  that  Queen  Catherine  of  Aragon  was  "  the  better  man  "  of  the  two? 

5.  According  to  Wolsey,  what  was  the  source  of  greatness  for  England  and  her  best 
attitude  toward  continental  affairs?    Has  England  followed  this  policy? 

6.  What  previous  political  measures  made   the  break  with  Rome  easier  for  Henry? 
What  had  the  humanists  done? 

7.  Did  Henry  have  any  special  reason  for  supporting  the  Papacy  in  1521?    Why  did 
he  afterward  turn  against  it?    Was  he  a  Protestant? 

8.  "  What  a  man  has  England  and  what  a  friend  have  I  lost !  "    Of  whom  and  by 
whom  said? 

9.  What  was  the  effect  of  the  Act  of  Supremacy  upon  English  liberty?    To  what  is  due 
the  clause  in  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  "  No  bill  of  attainder  .  .  .  shall 
be  passed"? 

10.  For  what  one  thing,  at  least,  are  the  English  people  indebted  to  Henry  VIII? 

11.  On  what  pillars  did  More  rest  his  visionary  kingdom?    What  evils  of  his  time  did  he 
point  out?    Which  of  his  suggested  reforms  have  since  been  achieved?    (Syo) 

12.  Point  out  the  permanent  good  resulting  from  "the  Protestant  misrule"  of  the  time 
of  Edward  VI.    For  what  r61e  was  he  better  fitted  than  that  of  king? 

13.  Why  was  Mary  so  gladly  hailed  as  queen?    How  did  she  undermine  her  throne? 

14.  Tell  some  pleasant  tale  of  Lady  Jane  Grey  and  her  tutor,  Roger  Ascham.    What  did 
the  "  nine-day  queen  "  call  the  happiest  day  of  her  life? 

15.  What  was  the  effect  of  the  religious  persecutions  upon  the  English  people? 

1 6.  Outline  the  achievements  which  made  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  the  strongest  and  most 
illustrious  in  the  annals  of  England. 

17.  What  statesmanlike  qualities  did  Elizabeth  possess?    What  detracted  from  them? 

1 8.  Why  was  Elizabeth  specially  fitted  to  settle  the  religious  question?    Show  how  the 
various  religious  parties  complicated  matters.    Were  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  Puritans,  or 
the  Puritans  Pilgrim  Fathers? 

19.  Who  in  England  were  the  most  bitter  enemies  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots?    What 
reason  had  they  to  fear  her? 

20.  Find  some  comparisons  that  have  been  made  between  Elizabeth  and  Mary  Stuart. 
What  does  Melville  show  himself  to  be  in  his  interview  with  Elizabeth?   (RRi86) 

21.  What  motives  urged  Philip  to  crush  England?    How  did  Drake  singe  "  the  beard  of 
the  Spanish  king"?    Give  some  incidents  from  Hawkins's  letter  about  the  fight  with 
the  Armada.    (RRi89) 

22.  Picture  the  new  life  and  activities  of  the  England  of  Elizabeth. 

23.  Make  a  list  of  the  great  men  of  the  Elizabethan  Age  and  indicate  the  chief  work 
of  each. 

5° 


Revolt  of  the  Netherlands :  Rise  of  the  Dutch  Republic 
I.  THE  LAND  AND  THE  PEOPLE. 
II.  CONDITION  OF  THE  NETHERLANDS  ABOUT   1500. 

III.  THE  Low  COUNTRIES  UNDER  CHARLES  V  AND  PHILIP  II. 

1 .  Tyranny  of  the  Regent  Margaret  and  the  Duke  of  Alva. 

2.  Rise  of  nobles  and  people :   William  of  Orange. 

3.  Beginning  of  Dutch  sea  power  (1572).    Pacification  of  Ghent  (1576). 

4.  Foundation  of  the  Dutch  Republic  :  Union  of  Utrecht  (1579). 

5.  Declaration  of  Independence  (July  26,  1581). 

6.  Struggle  for  freedom.    Assassination  of  William  the  Silent  (1584). 

IV.  INDEPENDENCE:  TRUCE  WITH  PHILIP  III  (1609);  ACKNOWLEDGED  (1648). 

1.  Show  how   the   Netherlands  were  divided   racially,   religiously,  and   economically. 
What  was  the  only  sort  of  union  between  them? 

2.  Outline   the  history  of  the   Low  Countries  before  they  came  into  the   hands  of 
Charles  V.    To  what  was  their  prosperity  largely  due?    (Sv) 

3.  Give  some  extracts  from  the  Venetian  ambassador's  description  of  the  Netherlands. 
(RRi7i)    How  did  Charles  and  Philip  cast  a  blight  upon  their  prosperity? 

4.  Illustrate  the  character  of  the  government  of  Charles  V  by  describing  the  fate  of 
Ghent  when  ; .':  refused  to  be  taxed  save  by  its  own  vote.    (Moiv) 

5 .  By  what  measures  did  the  government  of  the  Regent  Margaret  alienate  every  class  ? 
Explain  the  origin  of  the  "  Beggars." 

6.  What  results  of  the  rousing  of  the  people  to  desperation  do  we  most  deplore?    How 
did  Philip  take  vengeance? 

7.  For  what  is  the  name  of  the  Duke  of  Alva  a  synonym? 

8.  What  did  England  gain  by  the  Spanish  cruelty  in  the  Netherlands? 

9.  In  what  ways  does  William  of  Orange  remind  you  of  George  Washington?    In  what 
respect  was  he  far  in  advance  of  the  spirit  of  his  time? 

10.  How  long  did  the    Netherlanders  struggle  for  their   liberty?    Why  did  they  stand 
almost  alone?    To  what  was  their  final  triumph  due? 

1 1 .  Relate  some  incidents  of  the  heroic  resistance  of  the  United  Provinces.    What  won- 
derful achievement  does  the  University  of  Leyden  commemorate? 

12.  What  answer  did  the  Prince  of  Orange  make  when  his  disheartened  followers  begged 
him  to  make  some  strong  alliance?    What  reply  did  he  make  to  Philip's  bribes? 

13.  Why  is  it  to   be   regretted    that   the  northern  and  southern  provinces  separated? 
What  does  the  history  of  the  Dutch  show  to  be  indeed  the  "  seed  of  the  Church  "? 

14.  Quote  Philip's  ban  against  William  and  some  lines  from  the  famous  "  Apology." 

15.  What  discouraged  the   Dutch  patriots?    How  is  Sir  Philip  Sidney  connected  with 
their  struggle  for  liberty? 

1 6.  How  was  Spain  finally  forced  to  let  go  her  hold  of  the  Netherlands? 

17.  Contrast  the  conditions  in  the  northern  and  southern  provinces  at  the  end  of  the 
war.    How  can  the  difference  be  accounted  for? 

1 8.  Describe  the  commercial  advance  of  the  Republic  during  the  war.    Where  were  its 
principal  trading  stations?    Why  were  they  little  more  than  trading  stations? 


The  Huguenot  Wars  in  France 

I.  THE  RISE  OF  PROTESTANTISM  IN  FRANCE  TO  1559. 
II.  REIGN  OF  FRANCIS  II  (1559-1560):  PARTIES  IN  THE  STATE;  COLIGNY. 

III.  REIGN  OF  CHARLES  IX  (1560-1574)  :  CATHERINE  DE'  MEDICI. 

1.  The  Guises  and  the  Huguenots  :   treaty  of  St.  Germain. 

2.  Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Day  (August  24,  1572). 

IV.  REIGN  OF  HENRY  III  (1574-1589):  CONSTANT  TURMOIL. 

V.  REIGN  OF  HENRY  IV  (1589-1610)  :  FIRST  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  BOURBON. 

Compromise  :   Edict  of  Nantes  (1598). 
2.  Prosperity  of  the  French  people  :   the  Duke  of  Sully. 

VI.  REIGN  OF  Louis  XIII  (1610-1643). 

1.  Power  and  policy  of  Cardinal  Richelieu. 

2.  Political  power  of  the  Huguenots  crushed  :   La  Rochelle. 

1.  Where  do  we  find  the  chief  causes  for  the  rapid  progress  of  Protestantism  in  France  ? 
Show  the  influence  of  Lefebre  and. the  circle  at  Meaux.    (Si 21) 

2.  What  turned  Francis  I  from  a  friend  to  a  persecutor  of  the  Protestants?    Of  what 
did  he  and  his  son  sow  the  seed  ? 

3.  Distinguish  the  chief  parties  in  France  in  1559.    How  did  Catherine  de'  Medici 
try  to  maintain  her  influence  ?    What  was  the  inevitable  result  ? 

4.  How  did  the  Guises  gain  control  of  the  government  ?    In  what  way  did  they  pre- 
cipitate war  ? 

5 .  Why  were  the  religious  wars  in  France  particularly  bitter  and  miserable  ? 

6.  Who  stands  head  and  shoulders  above  all  the  men  of  the  period,  "  a  man  whose 
faith  was  not  to  be  bought  and  sold  "  ?    What  were  his  patriotic  plans  ? 

7.  Show  how  hope  of  peace  was  roused  by  the  Treaty  of  St.  Germain. 

8.  Where  in  history  can  we  find  a  parallel  to  the  horror  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Day? 
Did  it  crush  the  Huguenots  ? 

9.  How  many  assassinations  cleared  the  way  for  the  House  of  Bourbon  ?    How  did 
Henry  IV  bring  peace  to  his  distracted  kingdom  ? 

10.  How  far  did  the  Edict  of  Nantes  go  beyond  the  Peace  of  Augsburg  or  the  Treaty 
of  Westphalia  in  religious  toleration  ?    Why  is  it  a  milestone  ? 

11.  What  did  the  religious  wars  cost  France?    Show  how  Henry  IV  and  Sully  restored 
prosperity  to  France. 

12.  Quote  some  of  the  sayings  of  Henry  IV  which  proclaim  him  "  Father  of  his  people." 
How  do  the  French  still  regard  him  ? 

13.  Was  Mary  de1  Medici  any  wiser  as  a  ruler   than   Catherine  ?    Why  is  the  States- 
General  of  1614  memorable  ? 

14.  From  what  did  Richelieu  save  France  ?    What  was  his  program  ? 

15.  Explain  how  the  Huguenot  wars  had  created  a  state  within  the  state.    Was  this  in 
line  with  the  traditional  spirit  of  France  ?    How  did  Richelieu  remedy  matters  ? 

1 6.  Is  there  any  more  hope  to-day  than  there  was  three  hundred  years  ago  of  carrying 
out  the  "  Grand  Design  "  which  Sully  attributes  to  Henry  IV  ? 

52 


> 


^e 


The  Thirty  Years'  War  (1618-1648) 

I.  CAUSES  OF  THE  WAR  :  GENERAL  AND  SPECIAL. 

II.  PERIODS  OF  WARFARE. 

1.  Bohemian  (1618-1623)  :   Protestantism  almost  uprooted. 

2.  Danish  (1625-1629)  :   Christian  IV,  Tilly,  Wallenstein. 

3.  Swedish  (1630— 1635)  :  Gustavus  Adolphus ;  Lutzen. 

4.  Swedish-French  (1635-1648)  :  aims  of  Richelieu. 

I.  PEACE  OF  WESTPHALIA  :  DIFFICULTIES  IN  THE  WAY. 
IV.  EFFECT  OF  THE  WAR  UPON  GERMANY  AND  EUROPE. 

1.  What  were  the  principal  causes  of  discord  in  Germany  after  the  Peace  of  Augsburg? 
Was  it  possible  to  reconcile  the  religious  differences  ? 

2.  Show  how  the  affair  at'  Donauworth  brought  open  opposition.    How  did  each  party 
protect  itself  ?    Which  side  was  the  stronger  ? 

3.  Where  and  when  occurred  the  incident  which  precipitated  the  first  European  war 
involving  all  the  great  states  ?    Describe  this  famous  scene. 

4.  Tell  the   story  of  the  driving  out  of  the  "  Winter  King."    What  was  the  fate  of 
Bohemia  ? 

5.  What  is  the  strongest  plea  in  the   charming  letter  of   Elizabeth  of   Bohemia  to 
James  I  of  England  ?    Why  should  he  be  interested  ?    Why  did  he  hold  aloof  ? 

6.  Was  any  good  accomplished  by  the  interference  of  the  King  of  Denmark  ?    What 
service  did  Wallenstein  render  the  Emperor  in  this  period  of  the  war  ? 

7.  Why  did  the  name  of  Wallenstein  arouse  terror  in  Europe?    What  cause  had  the 
German  princes  to  fear  him  ?    What  did  they  force  the  Emperor  to  do  ? 

8.  What  motives  led  Gustavus  Adolphus  to  go  to  the  aid  of  the  Protestants  ?    Follow 
his  steps  from  his  entrance  into  Germany  to  his  death  at  Lutzen. 

9.  How  did   the   German  princes  receive   the    Swedish  king?    What   changed  their 
attitude  ? 

i  o.  Had  Napoleon  good  reason  to  call  Gustavus  the  foremost  captain  of  all  history  ? 
What  did  the  "  Protestant  Hero  "  put  in  the  place  of  Alexander's  Homer  ? 

11.  Who  is  responsible  for  the  continuation   of   the  war  after  1635?    Point  out  the 
change  in  the  character  of  the  war. 

12.  What  were  the  armies  of  the  last  years  of  the  war?    (8156)   (Wio4)    How  does  a 
writer  of  the  time  describe  the  destruction  of  Magdeburg?    (RR2ii) 

13.  Why  is  the  Peace  of  Westphalia  one  of  the  most  important  documents  in  history? 
How  did  it  alter  the  map  of  Europe  ?    (H339) 

14.  Is  it  easy  to  believe  the  accounts  of  the  barbarism  of  Germany  at  the  end  of  the 
war  ?    What  were  some  of  the  worst  conditions  according  to  Schlegel  ? 

15.  What  was   the   effect  of  the  war  upon  German  patriotism?    How  many  separate 
domains  remained  under  an  absolute  monarch  with  an  independent  court  ? 

1 6.  What  is  the  only  thing  to  be  said  of  the  history  of  Germany  for  the  next  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  years  ? 

17.  About  1631  who  in  America  had  stirring  in  their  hearts  the  wish  of  the  Elector  of 
Brandenburg,  that  "  at  least  the  private  exercise  of  religion  "  should  be  free  to  all  ? 

53 


*} 

%c^t^Cci 


The  Ascendancy  of  France  under  Louis  XIV  (1643-1715) 

I.  BEQUEST  OF  Louis  XIII  AND  RICHELIEU. 
II.  ADMINISTRATION  OF  MAZARIN  :  WARS  OF  THE  FRONDE. 

III.    LOUIS    XIV,    HIS    OWN    PRIME    MINISTER    (l66l). 

1.  Ideals  and  policy. 

2.  Influence  of  Colbert. 


IV.  WARS  OF  Louis  XIV :  PURPOSE  AND  CHARACTER. 

War  concerning  the  Spanish  Netherlands  (1667-1668). 

a.  The  Triple  Alliance. 

b.  Fortification  of  the  frontier  ;  Vauban. 

War  with  the  Protestant  Netherlands  (1672-1678). 

a.  Heroic  defense  of  the  Dutch ;   the  Prince  of  Orange. 

b.  Failure  of  Louis ;  Franche-Comte". 

3.  Louis  the  Great. 

a.  Seizes  Strasburg. 

b.  Revokes  Edict  of  Nantes  (1685). 

4.  War  of  the  League  of  Augsburg  or  King  William's  (1688-1697). 

a.  Causes,  political  and  religious. 

b.  The  Grand  Alliance ;  the  Peace  of  Ryswick.  .A/*A-/ 

5.  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession  or  Queen  Anne's  (1701-1714). 

a.  Interests  of  the  European  nations. 

b.  Second  Grand  Alliance. 

c.  Famous  generals  —  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  Prince  Eugene. 

d.  Famous  battles  —  Blenheim,  Ramillies,  Oudenarde,  Malplaquet. 

e.  Conditions  of  the  Treaty  of  Utrecht. 

V.  NEW  FRANCE. 

1.  Patronage  of  the  king. 

2.  Mistaken  policy  :  evils  of  paternalism. 

VI.  CLOSE  OF  Louis  XIV's  REIGN. 

1 .  Court  of  the  Grand  Monarch  :  Versailles. 

2.  Condition  of  the  French  people. 

3.  The  Sun  King's  unlamented  death. 

VII.  AUGUSTAN  AGE  OF  FRENCH  LITERATURE. 

1.  Richelieu  and  the  French  Academy. 

2.  The  drama :   Corneille,  Racine,  Moliere. 

3.  Great  writers  :  Descartes,  Pascal,  La  Bruyere,  Bossuet,  Fe"nelon. 

4.  Memoirs  of  Saint-Simon.    Letters  of  Madame  de  Sevigne". 

VIII.  DECLINE  OF  THE  MONARCHY  UNDER  Louis  XV  (1715-1774). 

1.  Misgovernment  of  the  regency. 

2.  Financial  distress:   "The  Mississippi  Bubble." 

3.  Weakness  and  vice  of  Louis  XV  :  Madame  de  Pompadour. 

54 


T\S*^ 

- 

vJc^ffM^ — 


^- 


Studies  on  France  under  Louis  XIV 

"  French  kings  knew  how  to  exact  obedience  but  they  did  not  know  how  to  govern." 

1.  State  the  theory  of  government  in  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries  which 
corresponded  to  the  theory  of  the  Empire  in  the  Middle  Ages.    In  which  nations  did 
it  have  the  most  influence? 

2.  What  experiences  led  men  to  accept  the  political  axiom  of  the  Homeric  Greeks, 
"The  rule  of  many  is  not  a  good  thing;  let  there  be  one  leader  qnly,  one  king"? 

3.  How  did  Richelieu  prepare  the  way  for  the   ascendancy  of   France?    Repeat  his 
promises  to  Louis  XIII.    What  reason  had  the  people  to  hate  him? 

4.  Why  was  the  government  of  Anne  of  Austria  and  Mazarin  opposed  by  both  nobles 
and  people?    What  was  the  Fronde?    Did  it  deserve  to  succeed? 

5.  State  briefly  Louis  XIV's  own  theory  of  government.    What  did  his  personal  charm 
do  for  his  theory? 

6.  To  whom  did  Louis  owe  the  prosperity  of  the  best  years  of  his  reign?    Give  some 
idea  of  his  work  for  France.    How  does  he  remind  us  of  Wolsey? 

7.  Show  that  under  Louis  XIV  there  was  but  one  will  in  France,  and  that  all  classes  and 
bodies  were  servilely  submissive  to  it.    (MO2O3) 

8.  When  did  France  take  from  Spain  her  ascendancy  in  Europe?    In  what  respects 
were  the  aims  of  Louis  like  those  of  Napoleon?    Did  Louis  reckon  on  a  European 
coalition? 

9.  Why   were    the    Dutch   and    Louis    inveterate    enemies?    Why  did    England   side 
with  him? 

10.  In  what  words  does  an  old  writer  describe  the  prosperity  of  the  Dutch  Netherlands 
in  the  seventeenth  century?    What  two  dangers  had  decreased  it  before  the  attack 
of  Louis?    (H352) 

11.  "I  know  one  means  of  never  seeing  it  [that  the  Republic  was  lost], —  to  die  on  the 
last  dyke."    Whose  words  and  whose  spirit  ? 

1 2 .  By  what  act  did  Louis  injure  France  as  deeply  as  all  her  enemies  could  have  done  ? 
Who  influenced  him  ?    Who  gained  by  the  loss  of  France  ? 

13.  What  caused  the  formation  of  the  Augsburg  League  against  Louis?    Where  was  the 
center  of  interest  in  King  William's  War  in  America  ? 

14.  What  made  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession  one  of  the  greatest  European  wars  ? 
State  the  questions  at  issue. 

15.  What  has  been  said  of  the  greatest  general  of  this  world  struggle  ?    (H36o) 

1 6.  Which  state  gained  the   lion's  share   from  the   Peace  of  Utrecht?    Of  what  was 
Spain  stripped  ? 

17.  On  whose  work  did  France  base  her  claim  to  the  St.  Lawrence  valley  ?    What  great 
project  did  the  explorations  of  La  Salle  set  on  foot  ? 

18.  Account  for  the  weakness  of  the  French  colonies  in  America;  for  the  presence  of 
Huguenots  with  the  English  who  besieged  Quebec. 

19.  What  saved  France  when  her  king  and  his  court  had  ruined  her  ? 

20.  Speak  for  and  against  the  character  of  Louis.    Show  the  bright  side  and  the  dark 
side  of  his  absolutism.    In  what  words  did  he  condemn  himself  on  his  deathbed  ? 

21.  Sketch  the  history  of  the  Monarchy  under  Louis  XV. 

22.  What  did  the  wars  of  the  eighteenth  century  do  for  France? 

55 


The  Stuarts  and  the  English  Revolution  (1603-1689) 

I.  THE  FIRST  STUARTS  :  BOURBON  INFLUENCE. 

1.  James  I  (1603-1625) :  union  of  crowns  of  England  and  Scotland. 

a.  Religious  and  political  differences  with  the  English  people. 

(1)  Gunpowder  Plot. 

(2)  Contest  with  the  Commons;  the  Great  Protestation  (1621). 

b.  Colonization  in  America  and  the  Indies. 

(1)  Jamestown  and  Plymouth.    East  India  Company  at  Surat. 

(2)  Plantation  of  Ulster  ;  wrongs  of  the  Irish. 

c.  Literature;   King  James  Version  of  the  Bible  (1611). 

2.  Charles  the  First  (1625-1649). 

a.  Contest  with  Parliament;   Petition  of  Right  (1628). 

b.  Absolute  monarch  (1629-1640). 

(1)  Three  tyrannical  ministers,  three  iniquitous  courts. 

(2)  The  "  ship  money  "  ;  John  Hampden. 

(3)  The  Bishops'  War;   the  Covenant. 

c.  The  Long  Parliament  (1640-1660). 

(1)  Reform  legislation;   the  Grand  Remonstrance. 

(2)  Charles  precipitates  war. 

d.  The  Civil  War  or  Puritan  Revolution  (1642—1649). 

(1)  The  two  parties,  Cavaliers  and  Roundheads;  their  characteristics. 

(2)  Oliver  Cromwell  and  his  Ironsides ;   the  New  Model. 

(3)  Naseby  (1645)  ;   Charles  in  the  hands  of  Parliament. 

(4)  "  Pride's  Purge  "  ;   trial  and  execution  of  the  English  king. 

II.  THE  COMMONWEALTH  AND  THE  PROTECTORATE  (1649-1660). 

1.  Organization  of  the  government. 

2.  Troubles  of  the  Commonwealth  at  home  and  abroad. 

3.  Cromwell  ejects  the  Long  Parliament :   Barebone's  Parliament. 

4.  The  Protectorate  :   Cromwell,  virtual  dictator. 

a.  Measures  at  home  and  abroad. 

b.  Richard  Cromwell  and  the  Restoration. 

5 .  Puritan  literature  :   Milton  and  Bunyan. 

6.  Influence  of  the  Puritan  Revolution. 

III.  THE  RESTORATION  (1660-1688). 

1.  Charles  the  Second,  the  Merry  Monarch  (1660-1685). 

a.  Measures  against  the  regicides  and  nonconformists. 

b.  Calamities,  —  war,  plague,  and  fire. 

c.  Intrigues  with  Louis  XIV.    Popish  Plot.    Habeas  Corpus  Act. 

2.  James  the  Second  (1685-1688)  :  despotism. 

a.  Monmouth's  invasion  ;  the  "  Bloody  Assizes." 

b.  The  Glorious  Revolution  of  1688 ;  the  Declaration  of  Rights. 

3.  Literature  of  the  Restoration  :   reaction  from  Puritanism. 

IV.  WILLIAM  AND  MARY  :  CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVERNMENT  (1689). 

56 


Studies  on  the  Stuarts  and  the  English  Revolution 

1.  What  made  the  Stuarts  such  obstinate  upholders  of  the  theory  of  "divine  right"? 
Why  was  it  an  opportune  time  for  the  English  people  to  assert  their  theories  of  gov- 
ernment?   What  was  the  natural  result? 

2.  Did  the  character  and  ability  of  James  the  First  accord  with  his  pretensions?    Com- 
pare him  with"  Henry  IV  of  France. 

3.  How  did  James  alienate  both  religious  parties  and  Parliament  as  well?  (Si 66) 

4.  What  conditions  in  England  does  Winthrop  cite  in  justification  of  emigration  to 
America?  (RR225) 

5.  Was  Charles  I  any  wiser  than  his  father?    Mention  some  of  his  despotic  acts. 

6.  What  is  the  place  of  the  Petition  of  Right  among  the  documents  of  Anglo-Saxon 
liberties? 

7.  What  forced  Charles  to  summon  Parliament  in  1640?    How  did  the  Long  Parlia- 
ment treat  his  whole  system  of  government  ?    What  effect  did  it  have  upon  the  King 
and  his  supporters? 

8.  Who  precipitated  the  Great  Rebellion,  and  how?    Was  Puritanism  wise  to  take  up 
the  sword?    What  better  work  had  it  to  do? 

9.  How  did  Charles  settle  his  own  fate  after  Naseby?    (6250) 

10.  Where  lies  the  responsibility  for  the  execution  of  the  English  king  who  said  that 
would  be  a  glorious  death  he  should  die,  it  being  for  the  laws  and  liberties  of  the 
land? 

1 1 .  Who  was  the  head  and  front  of  the  Commonwealth  ?    How  did  he  carry  himself  in 
the  midst  of  the  troubles  which  beset  it? 

12.  Did  Cromwell  get  along  any  better  with  Parliament  than  had  the  Stuarts?    Describe 
the  turning  out  of  the  Rump  Parliament.    (Wi  15) 

13.  Prove  that  the  Protectorate  was  "a  glorious  period  in  English  history."    Why  did 
Louis  XIV  say  he  should  have  to  call  Cromwell  "  father  "? 

14.  Gather  all  the  testimony  you  can  concerning  Cromwell's  place  in  history. 

15.  Why  did  the  English  people  go  mad  over  Charles  the  Second?    What  idea  do  you 
get  of  him  from  the  portrait  by  a  man  of  his  own  time?    (RR253) 

1 6.  To  whom  were  Charles  II  and  his  Parliament  particularly  hostile?    How  did  the 
Quakers  succeed  in  worshiping  God  as  they  chose?    (RR258) 

17.  What  changes  in  the  New  World  followed  Charles's  war  with  the  Dutch? 

1 8.  What  were  the  principal  charges  against  James  II  in  the  Bill  of  Rights? 

19.  Who  invited  William  of  Orange  to  rule  over  England?    Why  did  they  do  it?    Who 
stood  by  James? 

20.  State  some  provisions  of  the  Bill  of  Rights  which  show  real  advancement.    Why 
does  it  remind  you  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  ? 

21.  Show  how  Ireland  suffered  from  the  civil  strife  in  England.    (8249) 

22.  What  was  the  result  of  the  attempt  of  the  Stuarts  to  establish  absolutism?    Show 
how  the  struggle  for  constitutional  government  in  England  affected  the  history  of 
Europe  and  of  America. 

23.  Tell  the  story  of  Admiral  Van  Tromp's  broom;  the  flight  of  Jenny's  stool;  Crom- 
well's Ironsides ;  Pride's  Purge  ;  Barebone's  Parliament. 


57 


The  Rise  of  Russia 

I.  CONDITION  OF  RUSSIA  IN  THE  FIFTEENTH  CENTURY. 
II.  IVAN  THE  TERRIBLE  (1533-1584)  :  CONQUESTS. 

III.  MICHAEL  FOUNDS  THE  HOUSE  OF  ROMANOV  (1613). 

IV.  PETER  THE  GREAT  (1682—1725). 

1 .  His  task  and  methods  of  accomplishing  it. 

2.  Reforms,  —  political,  religious,  and  economic. 

3.  Conflict  with  Charles  XII  of  Sweden. 

V.  CATHERINE  THE  GREAT  (1762-1796). 

1.  Conquest  of  the  Crimea. 

2.  Partition  of  Poland  (1772,  1793,  1795). 

"Russia,  the  last-born  child  of  European  civilization" 

1.  Describe  the  condition  of  Russia  at  the  close  of  the  Middle  Ages.    What  circum- 
stances made  the  Russians  more  Asiatic  than  European  ? 

2.  Why  did  Ivan  receive  such  a  terrible  surname  ?    How  did  he  make  it  honored  in  his 
own  land  and  in  Europe  ?    What  did  he  claim  for  Moscow  ? 

3.  What  was  the  condition  of  the  State  when  Michael  Romanov  revived  it  ? 

4.  Why  was  the  conquest  of  Siberia  a  natural  one  for  Russia  ?    Who  accomplished  it  ? 

5.  Relate  some  incidents  in  the  boyhood  of  Peter  the  Great.    (Mo277) 

6.  Draw  two  portraits  of  Peter  which  shall  show  the  opposite  sides  of  his  character.    To 
which  does  his  treatment  of  his  sickly  brother  Ivan  belong  ? 

7.  On  a  sketch  map  show  the  geographical  isolation  of  Russia  from  Europe  in  1700. 
Show  the  great  change  before  1800. 

8.  Quote  Peter's  own  words  to  prove  that  he  was  an  enlightened  despot.    From  whom 
did  he  get  his  progressive  ideas  ? 

9.  Give  some  account  of  Peter's  first  visit  to  the  West.    Was  he  a  bore  ? 

10.  Point  out  the  reforms  which  made  Russia  an  unlimited  despotism.    How  was  Peter 
at  the  same  time  a  champion  of  Russian  liberties  ? 

11.  Why  was  Peter's  conflict  with  Sweden  inevitable?    In  what  condition  was  Sweden 
to  meet  him  ?    How  did  her  neighbors  feel  towards  her  ? 

12.  Sketch  the  career  of  "  the  last  of  the  Vikings."    (8222) 

13.  Describe  the  making  of  Peter's  "window  to  the  West."    (H397) 

14.  What  did  Poltava  mean  for  both  Russia  and  Sweden  ?    Show  Peter's  share  of  the 
spoils  on  the  death  of  Charles. 

15.  Point  out  Asiatic  habits  of  the  Russians  which  Peter  tried  to  get  rid  of.    How  did 
he  force  the  people  to  wear  western  dress  ?    (RR3io) 

1 6.  Where  was  the  greatest  opposition  to  Peter's  work  in  Russia?    What  prevented  his 
son  Alexis  from  succeeding  him  ? 

17.  Show  how  Catherine  continued  the  work  of  Peter.    What  were  her  tastes? 

1 8.  Why  has  the  assassination  of  Poland  left  such  deep  traces  in  history  and  literature  ? 
Can  you  excuse  it  ?    Who  in  Poland  were  to  blame  ? 

19.  What  dream  did  Catherine  bequeath  to  her  successors?    Why  is  it  still  unrealized  ? 

20.  What  were  the  Strelsi ;  Catherine's  door  mat ;  Mazeppa ;  "  the  widow  of  the  Tsar  "  ? 

58 


The  Rise  of  Prussia 

I.  THE  BEGINNINGS  OF  PRUSSIA.    THE  HOHENZOLLERNS. 
II.  THE  GREAT  ELECTOR  FREDERICK  WILLIAM  (1640-1688)  :  UNIFICATION. 

III.  ELECTOR  FREDERICK  III  (1688-1713)  :  KING  IN  PRUSSIA. 

IV.  FREDERICK  WILLIAM  I  (1713-1740):  STATE  STRENGTHENED  AND  EXTENDED. 
V.  FREDERICK  THE  GREAT  (1740-1786). 

1.  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession  (1740-1748)  :   Maria  Theresa. 

2.  The  Seven  Years'  War  or  French  and  Indian  (1756-1763). 

3.  Spoils  of  the  partition  of  Poland. 

VI.  POSITION  OF  PRUSSIA  AT  THE  CLOSE  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 

1 .  What  relations  have  we  found  between  the  beginnings  of  Prussia  and  the  Crusades  ? 
How  did  it  come  into  the  hands  of  the  House  of  Hohenzollern  ? 

2.  Tell  the  story  of  the  origin  of  the  Hohenzollern  family  according  to  Carlyle. 

3.  Show  how  the  Great  Elector  formed  a  united  monarchy  out  of  his  scattered  posses- 
sions. (8233)    Upon  what  did  he  lay  the  basis  of  Prussian  power  ? 

4.  Why  is  the  acquisition  of  royal  power  by  the  Hohenzollerns  a  landmark  in  European 
history  ?    What  aroused  in  Elector  Frederick  III  the  desire  to  be  a  king  ? 

5.  Why  was  the  title  King  in,  not  of  Prussia  ?    Why  Prussia  and  not  Brandenburg  ? 

6.  How  did  Frederick  William  I  and  his  big  stick  prepare  the  way  for  the  "  ablest 
statesman  and  general  of  his  times  "  ?    (6294) 

7.  Tell  one  of  Carlyle's  stories  of  Frederick  William.    What  was  Frederick's  opinion  of 
his  son  at  the  age  of  sixteen  ?    (RR322) 

8.  Prove  that  Frederick  the  Great  was  worthy  of  his  title. 

9.  How  much  of  the  world  was  involved  in  the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession  ?    Who 
was  the  only  practical  gainer  by  the  war  ?    What  does  Macaulay  say  of  it  ? 

10.  Why  was  an  alliance  between  Austria  and  France  so  startling  to  Europe  ?    What  was 
the  real  contest  fought  out  in  the  Seven  Years'  War  ? 

11.  Compare  Frederick's  resources  with  those  of  his  enemies.     How  do  you  account  for 
his  marvelous  successes  in  1757  and  1758  ? 

12.  Outline  the  results  of  the  Seven  Years'  War  in  the  Old  World  and  in  the  New. 

13.  Quote  Frederick's  statement  as  to  the  importance  of  Prussia's  gains  from  Poland. 

14.  Does  not,  Maria  Theresa  seem  to  you  every  inch  a  queen  ?    What  made  her  so 
charming  ?    What  was  her  feeling  in  regard  to  the  partition  of  Poland  ?    (RR328) 

15.  Why  is  it  a  pleasure  to  turn  from  Frederick's  foreign  relations  to  his  work  for  his 
people  ?    Show  by  his  own  words  his  idea  of  a  king's  duty. 

1 6.  Why  is  "  Our  Fritz  "  a  national  hero  ?    Who  is  to  blame  for  his  lack  of  principle  ? 

17.  Comment  on  this  statement  of  Frederick  the  Great:  To  conquer  provinces  over 
which  we  have  no  claim  is  unjust  and  criminal  rapacity. 

1 8.  What  sort  of  company  did  the  great  Frederick  enjoy  ?    Quote  his  estimate  of  the 
German  literature  of  his  time.    (RR326) 

19.  Why  did  Joseph  II  of  Austria  fail  when  he  tried  to  imitate  the  work  of  Frederick  ? 

20.  Explain  :   "  No  tall  fellows,  no  professor  "  ;   "the  Possessor  of  Voltaire  "  ;   "the  last 
of  the  kings  "  ;   "  Tobacco  Parliament  "  ;  Sans  Souci. 

59 


The  Expansion  of  England  in  the  Eighteenth  Century 

I.  REIGN  OF  QUEEN  ANNE  (1702—1714). 

1.  Territorial  gains  of  Queen  Anne's  War  :   the  Assiento. 

2.  Political  union  of  England  and  Scotland  (1707). 

3.  Literature  :-  Pope,  Swift,  Addison,  Defoe. 

II.  THE  EARLY  HANOVERIANS:  GEORGE  I,  GEORGE  II,  GEORGE  III   (1714-1820). 

1.  Wars  :   King  George's,  French  and  Indian,  American  Revolution. 

a.  Result  of  struggle  with  France,  east  and  west. 

b.  Effect  of  the  independence  of  the  American  colonies. 

2.  Political  reform  :   Premier  and  Cabinet  government. 

3.  Moral  reform  :   Methodism;  abolition  of  slave  trade  (1807). 

4.  Economic  reform  :  agricultural  and  industrial. 

1.  What  did  religious  toleration  and  constitutional  government  enable  England  to  do 
in  the  eighteenth  century? 

2.  How  had  William  of  Orange  as  "  arbiter  of  Europe  "  renewed  the  rivalry  of  England 
with  France? 

3.  By  what  treaty  did  England  become  "  the  sea  power  without  any  rival"?    Where 
was  her  struggle  with  France  for  world  power  fought  out? 

4.  What  made  the  colonial  empires  of  England  and  France  more  permanent  than  any 
other  in  the  New  World  ?    Point  out  the  mistakes  of  the  French  government  which 
put  the  French  colonies  at  a  disadvantage. 

5.  What  change  did  King  George's  War  make  in  the  relative  strength  of  France  and 
England  in  America?  in  India?  on  the  sea? 

6.  How  was  the  colonial  empire  of  France  ruined  in  America  and  in  India? 

7.  To  what  man  more  than  any  other  does  the  English  king  owe  his  title  "Emperor 
of  India"?    Read  his  own  account  of  his  greatest  victory.  (RR342) 

8.  How  much  of  England's  success  is  due  to  the  administration  of  Lord  Chatham? 

9.  Why  may  the  American  Revolution  be  called  one  of  the  consequences  of  England's 
contest  with  France? 

10.  What  question,  not  yet  settled,  caused  the  revolt  of  the  American  colonies?    Speak 
for  the  colonies  and  for  the  mother  country  on  this  question.    What  circumstances 
made  compromise  impossible? 

11.  Where,  besides  in  America,  was  England  obliged  to  carry  on  the  war?    Was  the 
injury  to  England  deep  or  abiding?    Give  reasons  for  your  answer. 

12.  With  what  great  documents  of  English  liberty  may  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
be  compared?    Who  drafted  it? 

13.  What  acts  passed  under  William  the  Third  prepared  the  way  for  the  present  govern- 
ment of  England?    Who  have  been  the  real  rulers  of  England  since  the  middle  of 
the  eighteenth  century  ?    Upon  whom  does  their  power  depend  ? 

14.  Explain  the  origin  of  the  English  Cabinet.    Compare  it  with  the  Cabinet  of  the 
President  of  the  United  States. 

15.  Describe   the  moral  condition  of  the  English  people  when  the  great  Methodists 
brought  new  light  and  life.    Show  good  results  of  their  work. 

1 6.  Mention  the  great  inventions  which  revolutionized  the  industrial  life  of  England  and 
the  world.    Were  the  results  all  for  good?  (6319) 

60 


The  French  Revolution  (1789-1799) 

I.  SPIRIT  AND  AIMS  OF  THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 
II.  GROWTH  OF  THE  REVOLUTIONARY  SPIRIT  BEFORE  1789. 

1.  Political,  social,  and  economic  evils  of  the  Bourbon  absolutism. 

2.  Intellectual  awakening:  desire  for  liberty,  equality,  fraternity. 

III.  EVE  OF  THE  REVOLUTION. 

1.  Folly  and  crime  of  Louis  XV  :  "After  us  the  Deluge." 

2.  Helplessness  of  Louis  XVI :  attempted  reforms. 

IV.  THE  STATES-GENERAL  (May  5 -June  17,  1789):  THE  ELECTIONS;  THE  CAHIERS. 
V.  THE  NATIONAL  ASSEMBLY  (1789-1791)  :  FIRST  FRENCH  CONSTITUTION. 

1.  Character  of  the  members  :  Lafayette,  Mirabeau,  Abbe"  Sieves. 

2.  The  Commune  of  Paris  :   the  National  Guards. 

3.  Storming  of  the  Bastille  (July  14,  1789)  :  its  meaning. 

4.  Abolition  of  feudal  privileges  :   Declaration  of  the  Rights  of  Man. 

5.  Bread  riots  :   "To  Versailles"  :  the  Joyous  Entry. 

6.  Confiscation  of  Church  property :   treatment  of  the  clergy. 

7.  Flight  and  arrest  of  the  King  (June  20,  1791). 

VI.  THE  LEGISLATIVE  ASSEMBLY  (Oct.  i,  i79i-Sept.  19,  1792). 

1.  Members:  Constitutionalists  and  Girondists. 

2.  Beginning  of  war  with  monarchy  :   the  Marsellaise. 

3.  Massacre  of  the  Swiss  Guards  :  September  Massacre. 

4.  Defeat  of  the  allies  at  Valmy. 

VII.  THE  NATIONAL  CONVENTION  (1792-1795). 

1.  Parties:   Girondists,  Mountainists,  the  Plain. 

2.  The  Republic  established  :  the  Year  I  (Sept.  21,  1792). 

3.  Trial  and  execution  of  the  King  (Jan.  21,  1793). 

4.  Coalition  against  the  Revolutionists  :   La  Vendee. 

5 .  Committee  of  Public  Safety  :  Fall  of  the  Girondists. 

VIII.  THE  REIGN  OF  TERROR  (1793-1794). 

1.  Opposition  to  the  Revolution:   Charlotte  Corday. 

2.  Great  Committee  of  Public  Safety:  its  principles. 

3.  The  "  Holy  Guillotine"  :  Marie  Antoinette. 

4.  Reforms  of  the  Revolutionists  :  worship  of  Reason. 

5 .  Factions  of  the  Jacobins  :   Robespierre. 

6.  Horror  of  the  Reign  of  Terror  :  reaction. 

IX.  THE  DIRECTORY  (1795-1799). 

1.  Attack  on  the  convention  :   Napoleon  Bonaparte. 

2.  The  Republic  makes  republics. 

a.  Bonaparte's  Italian  campaign ;  Treaty  of  Campo  Formio. 

b.  Campaign  in  Egypt  and  Syria ;  Nelson  and  Sir  Sidney  Smith. 

c.  Three  new  republics ;  coalition  of  European  powers. 

3.  Bonaparte  overthrows  the  Directory. 

61 


Studies  on  the  French  Revolution 

Would  you  "  collect  the  facts  of  the  French  Revolution,  you  must  go  down  to  hell  and 
up  to  heaven  to  fetch  them" 

1.  In  the  truest  sense  of  the  word,  what  was  the  French  Revolution  and  what  its  real 
cause?    (R537) 

2.  Show  the  great  disorder  in  the  government  arising  from  varying  systems  of  law  and 
inequalities  of  taxation.    What  powers  had  the  king? 

3.  What  reason  had  the  people  to  hate  the  nobility  and  the  clergy  ?    What  was  the  only 
recognized  use  of  the  peasants? 

4.  Were  the  French  any  worse  off  than  other  European  peoples?    Why  were  they  the 
first  to  strike  for  political  liberty? 

5.  Which  estate  was  most  intellectual  and  patriotic?    Name  the  men  who  most  influ- 
enced the  minds  of  the  people.    What  were  their  teachings? 

6.  If  Louis  XVI  had  been  as  strong  and  able  as  he  was  honest  and  kindly,  what  might 
France  have  been  spared?    Why  did  Turgot's  reform  measures  fail? 

7.  How  did  the  parlements  serve  the  cause  of  the  people?    By  what  means  did  the 
leaders  reach  the  people's  ears?    (R559) 

8.  What  did  the  King  confess  when  he  called  the  States-General?    How  long  since  it 
had  met?    What  do  we  learn  from  the  cahiers? 

9.  Of  what  long  process  was  the  union  of  the  three  estates  in  the  National  Assembly 
but  the  result?    Show  Mirabeau's  part  in  the  final  triumph  of  the  Third  Estate. 
How  could  he,  a  noble,  be  a  deputy  of  the  Third  Estate? 

10.  Quote  the  words  of  a  despot  and  of  a  lover  of  freedom  on  the  fall  of  the  Bastille. 

11.  What  was  the  "  St.  Bartholomew  of  feudalism  "? 

12.  State  the  dominant  claims  of  the  Declaration  of  the  Rights  of  Man.    (RR409) 

13.  Why  did  the  people  insist  on  the  King's  return  to  Paris?    Describe  the  Joyous  Entry. 
What  was  the  feeling  of  the  people  towards  Louis  in  1789? 

14.  How  did  the  nobility  show  their  weakness  and  lack  of  wisdom?    What  might  they 
have  done?    Were  the  friends  of  monarchy  outside  of  France  any  wiser? 

15.  Point  out  serious  mistakes  in  the  reforms  of  the  Assembly. 

1 6.  Give  three  reasons  for  the  failure  of  the  constitution  of  1791.    (H445) 

17.  What  caused  the  overthrow  of  the  monarchy?    Show  the  influence  of  the  Jacobins, 
the  Cordeliers,  and  the  newspapers. 

1 8.  How  were  the  Parisians  driven  to  fury  and  the  massacres  of  August  and  September? 

19.  Why  were  the  members  of  the  Convention  all  Republicans?    Compare  "Pride's 
Purge."    What  did  its  leaders  propose? 

20.  Was  the  execution  of  Louis  more  or  less  justifiable  than  that  of  Charles  I? 

21.  Write  a  dialogue  between  Robespierre  and  Dan  ton,  each  defending  his  policy. 

22.  Can  you  say  anything  in  favor  of  the  Terror?    Did  the  guillotine  sadden  Paris? 

23.  What  visionary  attempts  caused  a  European  coalition  against  the  Revolutionists? 
When  does   Napoleon  Bonaparte  appear  on  the  scene?    How  did  he  serve  the 
Directory  ? 

24.  Explain:    Assignats ;    "Madame  Deficit";    Oath   of  the  Tennis  Court;    lettres  de. 
cachet;  "play  the  bourgeois"  ;  Citizen  Capet;  ancien  regime;  the  gabelle. 


62 


The  Napoleonic  Period  (1799-1815) 

I.  THE  CONSULATE:  BONAPARTE,  FIRST  CONSUL,  DICTATOR  (1799-1804). 

1.  Centralization  of  the  government. 

2.  England's  hostility  :  Peace  of  Amiens  (1802). 

3.  War  with  Austria. 

a.  Second  campaign  in  Italy;   Marengo. 

b.  Moreau  at  Hohenlinden ;   treaty  at  Luneville. 

4.  Regeneration  of  France  (1801-1803). 

a.  Colonial  projects ;   Louisiana. 

b.  Code  Napoleon ;  its  influence. 

c.  The  Concordat. 

d.  Amnesty  to  Royalists ;  restoration  of  society. 

e.  Public  works ;   roads,  canals,  etc. 

f.  Education ;  University  of  France. 

5.  Napoleon,  Consul  for  life  (August,  1802)  :   Royalist  plots. 

II.  THE  NAPOLEONIC  EMPIRE:  RISE  (1804-1811). 

1.  Napoleon  restores  the  Empire  of  Charlemagne. 

2.  Europe  aroused  :  war  of  the  giants. 

a.  Preparations ;  sale  of  Louisiana. 

b.  Naval  resources;  Trafalgar  (1805). 

3.  Campaign  against  Austria. 

a.  Ulm  and  Austerlitz ;  Confederation  of  the  Rhine. 

b.  End  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire ;  results  of  reconstruction. 

4.  Campaign  against  Prussia  :  her  humiliation  after  Jena. 

5.  Campaign  against  Russia. 

a.  Eylau  and  Friedland ;  Peace  of  Tilsit. 

b.  Partition  of  the  world  ;  sacrifice  of  Poland  and  Prussia. 

6.  The  Continental  Blockade :  results  in  Europe  and  in  America. 

7.  Seizure  of  Portugal  and  Spain  :  revolt  of  Spain. 

8.  Congress  at  Erfurt :   height  of  Napoleon's  career  (1808). 

9.  Revolt  of  Austria  :  Wagram  ;   Napoleon's  gains. 

10.  Attempt  to  make  Paris  the  capital  of  Christendom. 

11.  Napoleon's  empire  at  its  greatest  extent  (1811). 

III.  THE  NAPOLEONIC  EMPIRE:   FALL  (1812-1815). 

1 .  Weakness  of  the  Empire  :  resistance  of  the  nations. 

2.  Rise  of  Prussia  :   awakening  of  national  patriotism. 

3.  Napoleon's  invasion  of  Russia :  tragedy  of  the  retreat  from  Moscow. 

4.  War  of  Liberation. 

a.  Battle  of  the  Nations,  Leipzig  (1813). 

b.  Surrender  of  Paris  (1814)  ;  Napoleon  deposed  ;  at  Elba. 

c.  Louis  XVIII ;  reaction ;  return  of  Napoleon. 

d.  "The  Hundred  Days";  Waterloo;  St.  Helena. 

IV.  NAPOLEON,  THE  MAN  :  HIS  PRIVATE  LIFE  ;  HIS  PLACE  IN  HISTORY. 

63 


Studies  on  the  Napoleonic  Period 

1.  What  had  been  the  object  of  the  coup  d'etat  of  November  9,  1799?    Show  how  the 
genius  of  Bonaparte  appears  in  its  accomplishment. 

2.  Why  did  William  Pitt  refuse  to  recognize  Bonaparte's  government? 

3.  How  did  the  treaties  of  1801  prepare  the  way  for  the  present  German  Empire  ? 

4.  What  forced  Bonaparte  to  give  up  his  projects  for  a  colonial  empire  ?    What  reason 
has  the  United  States  to  be  grateful  to  Toussaint  Louverture  ?    (6364) 

5.  Upon  what  work  does  Napoleon's  truest  title  to  fame  rest?    Why  did  the  people 
welcome  his  despotism  ?    Why  was  he  so  considerate  of  the  emigres  ? 

6.  Mention  some  prototypes  of  the  Code  Napoleon.    Where  is  it  still  used?    (Moxv) 

7.  How  did  the  Concordat  strengthen  Napoleon's  position  ?    When  was  it  annulled  ? 

8.  Comment  upon  the  most  remarkable  feature  of  the  plebiscites  of  the  Consulate. 

9.  Why  did  Lafayette  oppose  the  life  consulship  ?    With  what  feelings  did  many  repub- 
licans look  upon  the  creation  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  ? 

10.  Show  that  the  execution  of  the  Duke  of  Enghien  was  a  grave  error  of  judgment 
as  well  as  a  crime.    How  can  we  explain  Napoleon's  blirdness  in  trying  to  restore 
Caesarism  in  the  nineteenth  century  ?    What  was  his  dream  ?    (R6o9) 

1 1.  Why  was  Napoleon  at  a  disadvantage  in  dealing  with  England?    How  did  he  succeed 
in  terrifying  her  ?  Why  has  she  been  called  "  the  paymaster  of  Europe  "  ? 

12.  How  did  Napoleon's  greed  for  power  strengthen  the  rival  which  was  one  day  to 
humiliate  France  ?    Account  for  the  weakness  and  cowardice  of  the  Prussians  before 
him.    What  do  you  think  of  his  treatment  of  Poland  and  Prussia  ? 

13.  What  earlier  partitions  of  the  world  does  the  conference  at  Tilsit  recall  ? 

14.  Show  that  Napoleon's  policy  for  the  ruin  of  England  was  suicidal.    How  did  it  affect 
the  United  States  ? 

15.  By  what  means  did  Napoleon  get  possession  of  the  Spanish  Crown?    Why  was  the 
uprising  of  the  Spanish  so  significant  ?    Point  out  the  measures  of  Napoleon  in  Spain 

which  are  typical  of  his  good  work  for  Europe. 

1 6.  On  an  outline  map  trace  the  growth  of  Napoleon's  empire  from  1801  to  1811. 

17.  How  did  Napoleon  weaken  his  position,  alienate  even  his  friends,  and  create  dis- 
trust everywhere  ?    Account  for  the  devotion  of  his  soldiers.    (RR488,  496) 

1 8.  Why  is  it  a  pleasure  to  turn  from  the  schemes  of  Napoleon  to  the  rise  of  Prussia? 
Show  how  the  national  spirit  of  the  Germans  was  aroused. 

19.  Quote  from  Frederick  William's  famous  address  "To  My  People."    (RR522) 

20.  What  does  Stein  say  of  the  battle  of  Leipzig?    Was  there  any  further  hope  for  "  the 
enemy  and  destroyer  of  the  world's  peace  "  ? 

21.  Was  the  private  life 'of  Napoleon  any  happier  than  his  public  career  ?    Of  what  avail 
was  his  wrongdoing  in  the  hope  of  founding  a  dynasty  ? 

22.  Point  out  the  dominant  traits  in  Napoleon's  character.     To  what  motives  did  he 
always  appeal  in  others  ?    What  was  the  secret  of  his  military  success  ?    (8318) 

23.  Write  an  account  of  one  of  these  events  :  battle  of  Trafalgar ;  retreat  of  Sir  John 
Moore ;  Congress  at  Erfurt ;  coronation  of  Napoleon ;  Waterloo. 


64 


Influence  of  the  French  Revolution  on  the  Nineteenth  Century 

I.  IDEAS  BEQUEATHED  BY  THE  REVOLUTION. 

1 .  Civil  equality  :  Code  Napoleon. 

2.  Popular  sovereignty  and  constitutional  government. 

3.  Nationality  and  personal  liberty. 

II.  THE  CONGRESS  OF  VIENNA  :  REACTION  TO  ABSOLUTISM. 

1.  Purpose  and  principles  of  the  diplomats. 

2.  The  new  map  of  Europe. 

III.  THE  AGE  OF  METTERNICH  (1815-1848). 

1.  Spirit  and  influence  of  Prince  Metternich. 

2.  The  Holy  Alliance,  or  "  Metternich's  System." 

IV.  RESULTS  OF  THE  STRUGGLE  BETWEEN  THE  OLD  AND  THE  NEW. 

1.  Intellectual  progress  —  Renaissance. 

2.  Religious  toleration  —  Reformation. 

3.  Constitutional  government  —  Revolution. 

4.  Spread  of  European  civilization  —  Expansion. 

5 .  Industrial  and  commercial  development  —  Prosperity. 

The  Revolution  was  a  creating  force  even  more  than  it  was  a  destroying  force  ;  it  was  an 
inexhaustible  source  of  fertile  influences.  —  HARRISON. 

1.  Prove  that  all  the  suffering  and  bloodshed  of  the  French  Revolution  was  not  in  vain. 

2.  Describe  the  personnel  of  the  Congress  of  Vienna,  one  of  the  most  brilliant  gatherings 
of  the  Modern  Age.    What  does  it  mark  in  international  law  ? 

3.  Could  the  diplomats  undo  the  work  of  the  Revolution  for  Europe  ?    What  did  they 
try  to  do  ?    How  might  they  have  brought  peace  and  prosperity  to  Europe  ? 

4.  How  did  the  Congress  of  the  kings  show  its  blindness  to  the  spirit  of  the  times  ? 
Point  out  its  worst  violations  of  national  unity  in  its  settlement  of  European  affairs. 

5.  Mention  one  measure  of  the  Congress  which  shows  moral  progress. 

6.  By  what  decision  did  the  Congress  of  Vienna  begin  the  struggle  between  France  and 
Prussia  ? 

7.  Contrast  the  feelings  of  Talleyrand  when  leaving  Paris  for  the  Congress  and  after 
concluding  the  alliance  with  England  and  Austria.    (RR533) 

8.  Give  some  idea  of  the  spoils  taken  by  Napoleon  which  were  restored  by  the  allies. 
(Wi85) 

9.  Why  was  Metternich  so  opposed  to  constitutions?    How  was  he. able  to  keep  inde- 
pendence and  self-government  from  the  European  peoples  for  years  ? 

10.  Show  the  contrast  between  the  theory  and  practice  of  the  Holy  Alliance.    Who  was 

chiefly  responsible  for  its  formation  ? 
n.  Compare  the  number  of  sovereign  peoples  in  Europe  in   1815   with  the  number 

to-day.    How  has  this  result  been  brought  about?    (MO456) 
12.  How  did  the  Monroe  Doctrine  prevent  "  Metternich's  System"  from  operating  in 

the  New  World  ? 

65 


France  since  the  Second  Restoration  (1815) 

I.  Louis  XVIII  (1815—1824)  :  CONSTITUTIONAL  CHARTER. 

II.  CHARLES  X  (1824-1830)  :  REACTIONARY  MEASURES. 
III.  THE  JULY  REVOLUTION  IN  PARIS:  Louis  PHILIPPE  (1830-1848). 
IV.  THE  FEBRUARY  REVOLUTION  IN  PARIS:  THE  SECOND  REPUBLIC  (1848-1851;. 

V.  THE  SECOND  EMPIRE:  NAPOLEON  III  (1852-1870). 

1.  The  foreign  policy  of  Louis  Napoleon. 

2.  The  Franco- Prussian  War  (1870). 

VI.  THE  THIRD  REPUBLIC  (1870-         ). 

"  The  strength  of  monarchy  and  the  risks  of  despotism,  the  nobility  of  faith  and  the 
cruel  cowardice  of  bigotry,  the  ardor  of  republican  fraternity  and  the  terrors  of  anarchic 
disintegration,  —  the  most  famous  instance  of  any  and  every  extreme,  —  is  to  be  found 
in  the  long  annals  of  France'"1 

1.  In  what  position  did  the  Congress  of  Vienna  leave  France? 

2.  What  did  every  revolution  in  Paris  in  the  nineteenth  century  mean  for  Europe? 

3.  Justify    the   words    of    Louis    XVIII,    that    he    had    sought    the    principles   of   the 
Constitutional  Charter  in  the  French  character  and  in  the  venerable  monuments  oi 
past  centuries. 

4.  What  shameful  commission  from  the  Holy  Alliance  did  Louis  execute  in  Spain? 

5.  State  the  reasons  given  by  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  for  calling  the  Citizen  King  to 
the  throne.    What  part  had  Lafayette  in  this  revolution?    (RR542) 

6.  How  did  the  socialist  scheme  of  national  workshops  turn  out?    In  what  did  the 
present  enmity  between  the  bourgeoisie  and  the  workingmen  originate?    (H5i7) 

7.  What  reason  had  Lamartine  to  say    the  government  had  succeeded  in  making  a 
nation  of  citizens  a  vile  band  of  beggars?    (WIQO) 

8.  Was  the  Revolution  of  1848,  as  Metternich  said,  a  second  1793? 

9.  Describe  the  revolutionary  condition  in  Paris  which  led  the  people  to  turn  to  Louis 
Napoleon  for  peace. 

10.  Prove  that  the  Second  Empire  was  but  a  copy  of  the  first  in  origin,  spirit,  and  policy. 

11.  Show  the  prosperity  of  France  under  Napoleon  III.    ^529) 

12.  To  what  condition  did  Napoleon  Ill's  blunders  in  foreign  affairs  bring  France  by 
the  year  1870? 

13.  Prove  from  the  circumstances  of  the  declaration  of  war  that  both  the  French  and 
German  governments  desired  war  in  1870.    Did  Napoleon? 

14.  Was  the  French  army  "ready  to  the  last  gaiter  button"?    Compare  the  condition 
of  the  German  army.    What  was  the  Leipzig  of  the  Second  Empire  ? 

15.  State  the  humiliating  conditions  of  the  Peace  of  Versailles.    What  were  the  most 
terrible  consequences?  the  most  pathetic? 

1 6.  How  did  the  Bourbons  lose  their  last  chance  because  "the  throne  was  not  worth  a 
piece  of  cloth"? 

17.  Have  the  various  revolutions  of  the  last  century  greatly  changed  the  French  govern- 
ment ?    How  do  you  account  for  the  stability  of  the  Third  Republic  ? 

66 


England  since  the  Battle  of  Waterloo  (1815) 

I.  PROGRESS  TOWARDS  DEMOCRACY. 

1.  Influence  of  the  French  Revolution. 

2.  Reform  measures,  —  electoral,  municipal,  economic  (1832,  1835,  1867). 

3.  True  character  of  the  government  by  1900. 

II.  PROGRESS  OF  RELIGIOUS  EQUALITY. 

1.  Removal  of  disabilities  (1828,  1829,  1858). 

2.  Disestablishment  of  the  State  Church  :  in  Ireland  (1871) ;  in  England  (?). 

III.  ENGLAND  AND  IRELAND. 

1.  Home  Rule  :  Gladstone. 

2.  Agrarian  legislation. 

England  in  the  nineteenth  century  has  served  as  a  political  model  for  Europe.  The 
English  people  developed  the  political  mechanism  of  modern  Europe,  —  constitutional 
monarchy,  parliamentary  government,  and  safeguards  for  personal  liberty. —  SEIGNOBOS. 

1.  When  every  other  state  in  Europe  suffered  from  armed  revolution  how  did  England 
avoid  it?    (£[573) 

2.  How  did  George  III  give  the  final  blow  to  personal  government  in  England? 

3.  Point  out  the  chief  abuses  in  the  English  government  which  called  for  reform  at  the 
opening  of  the  nineteenth  century.    (W296) 

4.  Why  did  the  French  Revolution  postpone  reform  measures  for  a  generation  ? 

5.  What  is  meant  by  "rotten"  boroughs?    Give  Macaulay's  description  of  the  passing 
of  the  bill  which  remedied  this  abuse.    How  was  the  opposition  overcome? 

6.  Show  how  England  has  led  the  way  in  humanitarian  reforms.    (MO328,  486) 

7.  Why  could  not  the  United  States  have  abolished  slavery  as  England  did? 

8.  What  were  the  Corn  Laws?    What  forced  their  repeal?    Describe  the  effect  upon 
England  of  the  tariff  principle  thus  established. 

9.  How  were  the  disabilities  which  deprived  Protestant,  Catholic,  and  Jew  alike  of  the 
rights  of  citizenship  removed? 

10.  When  did  men  of  the  "fourth  estate"  first  vote  in  England?    How  is  it  made 
possible  for  poor  men  to  give  their  time  to  Parliament? 

11.  Trace  the  improvements  in  municipal  government  in  nineteenth-century  England. 
Why  has  Glasgow  the  honor  of  being  called  "  the  best  governed  city  in  the  world  "? 

12.  What  conditions  in  Ireland  caused  so  large  an  emigration  to  America  in  the  middle 
of  the  century? 

13.  Point  out  the  chief  abuses  in  Ireland  which  called  for  reform  in  the  last  century. 
What  reforms  have  already  been  made  with  the  help  of  the  Liberals? 

14.  By  what  measures  did   the   "  Grand  Old   Man "   try  to   extend  liberty  and   self- 
government  in  the  world  ?  Which  do  you  more  admire,  Disraeli  or  Gladstone  ?  Why  ? 

15.  Why  has  the  cause  of  free  education  made  such  slow  progress  in  England?    Which 
nation  first  had  a  ministry  of  public  education? 

1 6.  What  do  Cobden,  Peel,  Bright,  and  O'Connell  stand  for  in  the  nineteenth  century? 
Why  may  the  history  of  this  century  be  best  studied  in  biography? 

67 


The  Liberation  and  Unification  of  Italy 

I.  SETTLEMENT  OF  ITALY  BY  THE  CONGRESS  OF  VIENNA. 
II.  STRUGGLE  AGAINST  AUSTRIAN  DESPOTISM. 

1.  The  Carbonari :  uprising  of  1820. 

2.  Revolution  of  1830  :  three  parties ;  Mazzini. 

3.  Revolution  of  1848  :  Charles  Albert  of  Sardinia. 

III.  VICTOR  EMMANUEL  II :  THE  LIBERATORS  OF  ITALY. 

1.  Cavour's  policy:  Austro-Sardinian  War  (1859). 

2.  Garibaldi :  the  Kingdom  of  Italy  (1861). 

IV.  ROME,  THE  CAPITAL  OF  ITALY  (1870):  THE  ROMAN  QUESTION. 
V.  ITALY  SINCE  1870:  MISTAKES  AND  REFORMS. 
Educate  the  children  and  the  young  people,  — govern  with  liberty  !  —  CAVOUR. 

1.  How  did  Metternich  make  the  Italians  a  "Helot  nation"?    Where  was  the  only 
patch  of  free  people  in  the  whole  peninsula? 

2.  Who  had  sown  the  seeds  of  liberty  and  self-government  in  the  hearts  of  the  Italians  ? 

3.  What  was  the  natural  result  of  the  despotic  rule  of  the  restored  princes? 

4.  Mention  the  various  schemes  for  Italian  unity  proposed  by  the  intellectual  leaders 
of  Italy. 

5.  What  was  Mazzini's  "Monroe  Doctrine"?    On  what  conditions  did  he  base  inde- 
pendence?   What  was  his  splendid  ideal  for  the  third  life  of  Italy?    (W24i) 

6.  Why  was  the  cry  of  the  Italians,  "Death  to  the  Germans  "?    Was  it  anything  new? 

7.  What  was  the  signal  for  the  uprising  of  the  Italians  in  1848?    Why  did  they  turn  to 
Charles  Albert  of  Sardinia  as  their  natural  leader? 

8.  Tell  the  story  of  Mazzini's  Roman  Republic  of  1848-1849.    (8365)    W7hat  lessons  did 
the  Italians  learn  from  defeat? 

9.  Why  is  Charles  Albert  such1  a  pathetic  figure?    Quote   the   proclamation  of  his 
abdication.    (RR569)     In  what  was  his  son  most  fortunate  ? 

10.  Who  solved  the  problem  of  Italian  unity?    How  did  he  employ  the  ten  years  before 
the  Italian  War  of  1859? 

11.  Why  did  Napoleon  break  his  alliance  and  abandon  the  Austro-Sardinian  War?    How 
was  he  paid  for  his  services  ?    What  did  it  mean  for  the  Italians  ? 

12.  Tell  the   story  of   Garibaldi's  campaign  of    1860.    Try  to  give  some  idea  of  the 
devotion  of  the  Italian  people  to  this  "  simple,  great,  and  good  man." 

13.  When  and  where  did  the  first  general  Italian  Parliament  meet?    When  did  Victor 
Emmanuel  show  wisdom  in  withstanding  the  hot-headed  Garibaldi  ? 

14.  What  events  made  Victor  Emmanuel  king  at  Rome  of  a  united  Italy? 

15.  What  has  been  the  effect  upon  Italy  of  the  controversy  over  the  Roman  Question? 
In  spite  of  all  mistakes,  what  progress  has  been  made? 

1 6.  Explain:  the   Quadrilateral;    the    Alsace    and    Lorraine  of    Italy;    "Red  Shirts"; 
"  Massala  Thousand  "  ;  Young  Italy ;  the  Bismarck  of  Italy. 

17.  When  did  Italy  cease  to  be  "a  geographical  expression  "? 

68 


The  Making  of  the  New  German  Empire 

I.  THE  FORMATION  OF  THE  GERMAN  CONFEDERATION  (1815). 

II.  STRUGGLE  FOR  FREEDOM  AGAINST  METTERNICH  AND  ABSOLUTISM. 

1.  The  Zollverein  :  influence  of  Revolution  of  1830. 

2.  Uprisings  of  1848  :   gains  for  constitutional  government. 

a.  Revolution  in  Vienna ;   flight  of  Metternich. 

b.  Frederick  William  IV  gives  Prussia  a  constitution. 

III.  UNIFICATION  OF  GERMANY  :  KING  WILLIAM  I  AND  BISMARCK. 

1.  Convictions  and  purposes  of  "the  Iron  Chancellor." 

2.  Wars  of  Bismarck  and  Moltke. 

a.  Austro-Prussian ;   North  German  Confederation  (1867). 

b.  Franco- Prussian  ;  the  German  Empire  (1871). 

IV.  THE  GERMAN  EMPIRE  SINCE  1871. 

1.  The  Kulturkampf.    The  Triple  Alliance. 

2.  Reign  of  Emperor  William  II.    The  Social  Democrats. 

1.  Who  were  the  men  that  laid  the  foundations  of  the  greatness  of  modern  Prussia? 
Outline  the  reforms  of  the  first  quarter  of  the  nineteenth  century.    (Wxn) 

2.  Why  was  not  Germany  made  a  national  state  in  1815  ?    How  did  the  Liberals  show 
their  disappointment  ?    By  what  means  did  Metternich  stifle  the  spirit  of  freedom 
for  another  generation  ? 

3.  Was  the  German  Confederation  any  step  in  advance  ?    What  made  the  machinery 
of  government  practically  unworkable  ? 

4.  What  was  the  vital  question  to  be  settled  before  there  could  be  a  united  Germany  ? 
In  the  rivalry  for  controlling  power  what  advantages  had  Prussia  ? 

5.  Point  out  the  parallel  movements  in  Germany  and  Italy  for  a  half  century  after  the 
Congress  of  Vienna. 

6.  Why  did  Frederick  William  refuse  the  crown  offered  him  by  the  Frankfort  Assem- 
bly ?    Name  some  great  Liberals  who  lost  hope  and  left  Germany. 

7.  Who  was  the  Cavour  of  Germany?    What  did  he  say  was  his  "one  guiding  star"? 

8.  Describe  the  personnel  and  training  of  the  Prussian  army.    Did  its  bayonets  meet 
Mazzini's  requirement  ?    (Mo) 

9.  How  did  Bismarck  gain  his  will  in  spite  of  the  Prussian  Representatives  ? 

10.  When  and  where  was  Austria's  Waterloo  ?    To  what  was  she  forced  to  agree  ? 

11.  Show  Bismarck's  wisdom  in  his  treatment  of  the  South  German  states. 

1 2 .  What  event  brought  the  South  and  North  spontaneously  together  ? 

13.  Why  did  the  Franco-Prussian  War  seem  absolutely  necessary  to  the  nations  con- 
cerned ?    How  long  did  it  take  the  Germans  to  lock  up  the  French  army  ? 

14.  Give  some  account  of  the  siege  of  Paris  and  the  escape  of  the  Empress. 

15.  Describe  the   scene   at  Versailles  when    King  William  was  proclaimed   Emperor. 

(RR594) 

1 6.  Compare  the  constitution  of  the  new  Empire  with  that  of  the  United  States. 

17.  Has  Germany  popular  government?  What  do  the  Social  Democrats  want  ?    (RR6i8) 

1 8.  Give  some  idea  of  the  area  and  population  of  the  North  German  Confederation  in 
1867,  and  of  the  German  Empire  in  1900. 

69 


Spain,  Austria,  and  the  Lesser  States 

I.  SPAIN  AND  THE  REVOLT  OF  HER  AMERICAN  COLONIES. 

1.  Constitution  of  1812:  Bourbon  Restoration;  Revolution  of  1820-1823. 

2.  Revolt  and  loss  of  American  colonies. 

3.  The  Holy  Alliance  and  the  New  World :   Monroe  Doctrine. 

4.  Constitutional  monarchy  :   the  Carlists. 

II.  PORTUGAL,  THE  MOST  BACKWARD  COUNTRY  OF  WESTERN  EUROPE. 

III.  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY  AFTER  1866. 

1 .  Reorganization  :   the  dual  monarchy. 

2.  Austro- Hungarian  problems:  effect  upon  Europe. 

IV.  SWITZERLAND  IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 

1.  Federal  Pact  of  1815  :   growth  of  democracy. 

2.  The  Swiss  Republic:   Constitution  of  1848. 

V.  THE  SCANDINAVIAN  STATES  :  SEPARATION  INTO  THREE  KINGDOMS. 
VI.  BELGIUM  AND  HOLLAND  :  SOURCE  OF  THEIR  PROSPERITY. 

1.  Trace  the  events  which  gave  Spain  the  Constitution  of  1812.    Who  were  responsible 
for  the  return  of  absolutism  ? 

2 .  How  have  efforts  for  a  more  liberal  government  in  Spain  resulted  ? 

3.  Who  are  the  most  bitter  enemies  of  the  reigning  Spanish  house  ? 

4.  Point  out  .abuses  in 'the  government  of  the  Spanish- American  colonies  which  caused 
rebellion.    What  remains  of  Spain's  great  colonial  empire? 

5.  How  does  the  term  Austrian  differ  in  its  significance  from  French  or  Spanish  ? 

6.  Show  on  a  sketch  map  the  location  of  the  various  races  within  Austria-Hungary. 

t  7.  What  gave  the  people  of  Vienna  courage  to  overthrow  Metternich  and  their  old- 
fashioned  government  ?    What  resulted  throughout  the  Empire  ? 

8.  How  was  absolutism  restored  in  the  Empire  ?    What  was  the  greatest  obstacle  to 
the  independence  of  the  rebellious  peoples  ? 

9.  Why  did  Kossuth  fail  ?    How  did  Hungary  gain  equality  with  Austria  ?    (1^0542,556) 

10.  Where  lies  the  greatest  danger  to  the  peace  of  the  dual  monarchy?    What  seems 
the  logical  solution  of  the  problem  ?     How  does  it  affect  Europe  ?    (W235) 

1 1 .  When  did  Switzerland  become  a  real  nation  and  a  strong  federal  state  ? 

12.  Why  has  the  Swiss  republic  been  called  "a  miniature  Parliament  of  Man"?    Why 
do  students  of  political  science  give  so  much  attention  to  the  Swiss  government  ? 

13.  Show  the  progress  of  the  Scandinavian  states  during  the  past  century. 

14.  How  have  the  intelligence  and  patriotism  of  the  Norwegians  been  rewarded  ? 

15.  What  was  the  origin   of  the  Kingdom   of  Belgium?    In  what  respects  was  it  in 
advance  of  all  other  states  on  the  continent  in  1830  ? 

1 6.  Comment  on  the  peculiar  system  of  voting  in  Belgium.    (W2Q2) 

17.  What  is  the  political  constitution  of  the  Netherlands  ?    Why  is  it  a  special  center  of 
interest  to  the  nations  of  to-day  ? 

1 8.  Account  for  the  great  present  prosperity  of  Holland  and  Belgium.    In  what  respects 
are  they  an  example  to  all  Europe  ? 


Russia  and  the  Eastern  Question 
I.  TSAR  ALEXANDER  I,  LIBERAL,  THEN  ABSOLUTIST. 
II.  WAR  OF  GREEK  INDEPENDENCE  (1821-1829):  NAVARINO. 

III.  THE  RUSSO-TURKISH  WAR  OF  1828-1829:  KINGDOM  OF  GREECE  (1832). 

IV.  THE  POLISH  REVOLT:  POLAND,  A  PROVINCE  OF  RUSSIA  (1832). 
V.  THE  CRIMEAN  WAR  :  THE  EASTERN  QUESTION. 

VI.  TSAR  ALEXANDER  II:  EMANCIPATION  OF  THE  SERFS  (1861). 

1.  Russo-Turkish  War  of  1877-1878;  Bulgarian  atrocities. 

2 .  Congress  of  Berlin  :   creation  of  new  states.  ' 

VII.  THE  LIBERAL  MOVEMENT  IN  RUSSIA.    INTERNATIONAL  PEACE  CONFERENCE. 

1 .  By  what  route  did  liberal  ideas  make  their  way  into  despotic  Russia  ?    (Mo5  6 1 ) 

2.  How  does  Russia  differ  from  Austria  in  the  settlement  of  her  race  questions? 

3.  Mention  some  of  the  reforms  of  the  liberal  Alexander  I.    What  turned  him  into  a 
despot  ? 

4.  Why  is  Turkish  rule  an  anachronism  in  Europe  ?    What  stirred  Europe  to  aid  the 
Greeks  in  their  struggle  for  independence  ? 

5.  Why  may  we  say  of  Lord  Byron,  "  Greater  love  hath  no  man  than  this  "  ? 

6.  How  long  ago  did  the  rulers  of  Russia  begin  to  dream  of  acquiring  Constantinople  ? 
Who  first  discovered  the  "  Sick  Man  of  Europe  "  ?    Why  should  France  and  Eng- 
land object  to  Russia  becoming  his  heir  ? 

7.  Mention  some  of  the  most  interesting  incidents  of  the  Crimean  War.    Summarize 
its  results.    (Mo568) 

8.  Describe  the  life  of  a  Mir.    How  large  a  proportion  of  the  Russians  live  in  these 
communities  ?    What  has  been  the  result  of  emancipation  ? 

9.  Were  the  serfs  before  emancipation  better  or  worse  off  than  the  serfs  of  the  Middle 
Ages  ?    Compare  their  condition  with  that  of  the  slaves  in  the  South. 

10.  Speak  for  and  against  the  settlement  of  the  Eastern  Question  by  the  Congress  of 
Berlin.    What  is  your  own  opinion  ? 

1 1 .  Describe  the  present  condition  of  affairs  in  Turkey  and  the  Balkan  States.    To  what 
has  the  Ottoman  Empire  in  Europe  been  reduced  ? 

12.  Contrast  the  state  of  Greece  in  1829  with  its  condition  to-day.    What  makes  Athens 
a  center  of  world  interest  ? 

13.  What  are  the  greatest  obstacles  in  the  way  of  political  freedom  in  Russia?    What 
has  most  influenced  the  rulers  against  liberalizing  the  government  ? 

14.  Show  that  the  Russian  people,  high  and  low,  are  their  own  worst  enemies. 

15.  Account  for  the  fact  that  the  Russian  students  are  leaders  in  revolutionary  move- 
ments.   (W255)    Why  has  the  Siberian  exile  system  so  stirred  the  world  ? 

1 6.  "In  1800  we  prayed  to  be  allowed  to  live,  in  1900  we  know  that  we  shall  live."     To 
what  do  these  words  of  a  Polish  historian  bear  witness  ? 

17.  Point  out  recent  events  which  give  hope  of  better  conditions  in  Russia.    (H6o8) 

1 8.  Describe  the  greatest  work  of  Russia  for  the  progress  of  civilization.    Through  what 
great  institution  has  the  Tsar  helped  forward  world  peace  ? 


European  Expansion  in  the  Nineteenth  Century 

I.  EXTENSION  OF  EUROPEAN  CIVILIZATION. 

1 .  Decline  and  revival  of  interest  in  colonization. 

2 .  Opening-up  of  the  Dark  Continent :  Livingstone  and  Stanley. 

3.  Founding  of  the  Congo  Free  State.    Partition  of  Africa. 

II.  THE  BRITISH  EMPIRE. 

1.  Dominion  of  Canada:   industrial  and  agricultural  development. 

2.  Commonwealth  of  Australia  :   growth  and  prosperity. 

3.  The  English  in  Asia. 

a.  The  East  India  Company;   Sepoy  Mutiny;  the  Indian  Empire. 

b.  Opium  War  with  China ;   Hongkong. 

4.  England  in  South  Africa. 

a.  Antagonism  of  Boer  and  Briton ;  the  Boer  War. 

b.  Plans  for  federation.    Cape-to- Cairo  railroad. 

5.  English  influence  in  Egypt. 

a.  French  and  English  protectorate ;  expeditions  against  the  Sudanese. 

b.  English  protectorate  ;  "justice  and  water." 

III.  FRENCH  COLONIAL  POSSESSIONS. 

1.  In  North  Africa. 

a.  Conquest  of  Algeria.    Senegal. 

b.  Plans  for  conquest  of  the  Sahara. 

2.  In  Asia  :  Indo-China. 

IV.  GERMANY  SEEKS  FOREIGN  POSSESSIONS. 

1 .  German  protectorates  in  Africa. 

2.  Germanization  of  Syria  and  Asia  Minor.    Seizure  of  Kiau-chau, 

V.  RUSSIA'S  ADVANCE  :  THREE  OBJECTS  IN  VIEW. 

1.  Character  and  extent  of  her  conquests. 

2.  The  Trans-Siberian  Railway. 

3.  England  on  guard. 

VI.  GROWTH  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

1.  Natural  extension  of  territory. 

2.  Foreign  possessions  :   problems  of  imperialism. 

VII.  A  CRISIS  IN  WORLD  HISTORY. 

1.  Problems  facing  Europeans. 

a.  The  Far  Eastern  Question. 

b.  The  future  of  Japan. 

c.  The  Mongolian  Monroe  Doctrine. 

2.  The  revolt  of  the  East. 

a.  Chino-Japanese  War  of  1894. 

b.  The  Boxer  uprising  of  1900. 

c.  Russo-Japanese  War  of  1904-1905. 

72 


Studies  on  European  Expansion 

1.  How  has  the  policy  of  the  powers  of  Europe  become  a  world  policy?    What  has 
made  the  globe  in  1 900  no  larger  than  the  continent  of  Europe  in  1 800  ? 

2.  Outline  the  rise  and  decline  of  the  early  colonial  empires.    (8409) 

3.  Show  the  feeling  of  European  statesmen  toward  colonial  enterprises  in  the  early 
nineteenth  century.    What  aroused  their  interest  later  ? 

4.  Tell  the  story  of  the  meeting  of  Stanley  and  Livingstone  in  the  Dark  Continent. 
With  what  purpose  did  Livingstone  go  to  Africa  ? 

5.  What  was  Stanley's  greatest  work  for  Africa  ?  How  could  the  European  states  excuse 
their  undignified  scramble  for  possessions  in  Africa  ? 

6.  Speak  for  and  against  King  Leopold's  administration  of  the  Congo  State.    (W) 

7.  How  did  Canada  obtain  self-government?    What  great  change  in  English  colonial 
government  resulted  ? 

8.  In  what  did  the  colonization  of  Australia  begin  ?    Trace  its  growth  to  a  new  English 
nation. 

9.  When  and  why  did  the  English  government  take  over  the  rule  of  British  possessions 
in  India  ?    Is  India  well  governed  ?    Are  the  natives  satisfied  ? 

10.  When  did  England  gain  a  foothold  in  South  Africa?    How  did  the  trouble  between 
Boer  and  Briton  begin  ?    Tell  the  story  of  "  The  Great  Trek." 

1 1 .  Can  one  help  sympathizing  with  the  Boers  in  their  fight  for  independence  ?    What 
has  been  gained  to  offset  the  desolation  of  South  Africa  and  England's  thousand 
millions  of  money,  to  say  nothing  of  unnumbered  human  lives  ? 

12.  Descrioe  the  prosperity  of  present-day  Egypt.    To  what  is  it  due  ? 

13.  Who  built  the  Suez  Canal?    How  did  England  gain  control  of  it?    Why  does  she 
think  it  necessary  to  keep  a  hold  on  Egypt  ?    How  is  she  conquering  the  desert  ? 

14.  How  are  France  and  Germany  handicapped  in  their  colonization  schemes? 

1 5 .  In  what  respect  is  the  expansion  of  Russia  more  commendable  than  that  of  any  other 
state  ?    How  large  a  part  of  the  world  does  the  "  Colossus  of  the  North  "  dominate  ? 

1 6.  Trace  the  progress  of  Russia  through  Asia.    (H595)    Where  do  the  Russian  Bear  and 
the  English  Lion  stand  almost  face  to  face  ? 

17.  What  principle  of  the  founders  of  the  government  did  the  United  States  virtually 
abandon  at  the  opening  of  the  century  ?    To  what  has  it  led  ? 

1 8.  How  was  Japan  forced  into  relations  with  the  outside  world  ?    Describe  her  develop- 
ment in  the  last  half  century.    Why  is  she  so  far  ahead  of  China  ? 

19.  How  has  the  unjust  "  Opium  War"  affected  the  attitude  of  China  toward  all  for- 
eigners ?    State  the  Far  Eastern  Question. 

20.  Make  a  comparative  table  of  the  area  and  population  of  the  possessions  of  England, 
Germany,  France,  Holland,  and  Portugal  by  the  Statesman's  Year  Book. 

2 1 .  Show  by  maps  the  partition  of  Africa  and  the  occupation  of  Asia  by  the  European 
states.    (W3i3,  332) 

22.  Point  out  the  chief  characteristic  of  modern  imperialism. 

23.  What  is  the  position  and  opportunity  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race  to-day? 


73 


The  World  State  and  the  Industrial  Age 

I.  FORECAST  OF  THE  FUTURE  IN  THE  LIGHT  OF  THE  PAST. 

1 .  The  federal  state  :   the  United  States  of  Europe. 

2.  The  world  state :  the  Federation  of  the  World. 

II.  PREPARATIONS  FOR  THE  WORLD  STATE. 

1 .  Representative  government :  growth  of  democracy. 

2.  Federalism  and  international  good  will. 

3.  Annihilation  of  time  and  space  by  scientific  inventions. 

4.  Interparliamentary  Union  and  International  Court  of  Arbitration. 

III.  PROBLEMS  OF  THE  NEW  AGE. 

1 .  Social  democracy  :  abolition  of  class  distinctions  and  privileges. 

2.  Political  democracy  :  equality  of  all  men  in  law  and  government. 

3.  Economic  democracy  :  just  distribution  of  wealth  and  opportunity. 

IV.  SOCIALIST  SOLUTION  :  AN  INDUSTRIAL  REVOLUTION. 

1.  Give  some  proofs  that  "Europe  to-day  differs  perhaps  more  fundamentally  from  the 
Europe  Napoleon  knew  than  did  Napoleon's  world  from  Charlemagne's." 

2.  Give  some  idea  of  the  cost  of  New  Europe  to  the  European  people.    Is  the  burden 
cheerfully  borne ?    (6473) 

3.  Trace  the  steps  in  the  progress  from  mediaeval  to  modern  warfare.    What  make? 
modern  armaments  so  expensive  and  so  frightful?    (Wxx) 

4.  Does  the  world  agree  with  John  Hay  that  war  "  is  the  most  futile  and  ferocious  of 
human  follies  "?    Who  are  the  greatest  opponents  of  war? 

5.  Point  out  the  progress  already  made  toward  a  federation  of  nations. 

6.  Judging  from  recent  events,  which  principle  is  stronger  to-day,  unity  or  separation? 

7.  Prove  that  "  the  distance  is  much  greater  between  the  "industrial  processes  of  the 
eighteenth  century  and  those  of  the  present  day  than  between  those  of  the  eighteenth 
century  and  the  ancient  arts,  even  those  of  Egypt." 

8.  Explain  the  difference  between  the  "  domestic  "  and  the  factory  system.    Mention 
the  inventions  which  brought  about  the  change.    (R675) 

9.  Give  some  example  of  the  increase  in  the  production  of  goods  by  machinery. 

10.  What  was  the  immediate  effect  of  the  factory  system  upon  the  life  of  the  workman? 
Compare  the  condition  and  intelligence  of  the  factory  hand  of  the  early  nineteenth 
century  with  that  of  the  workman  of  to-day. 

11.  How  has  industrial  progress  affected  the  political  influence  of  the  working  classes? 
Why  are  not  the  Socialists  satisfied  ? 

12.  What  has  been  called  the  most  important  factor  of  industrial  progress?    (RR6n) 

13.  Why  is  the  present  period  often  called  the  Scientific  Age?    Mention  some  of  the 
discoveries  which  have  alleviated  human  suffering. 

14.  Show  the  influence  of  the  newspaper  and  the  penny  post  on  world  unity. 

15.  Has  moral  progress  gone  hand  in  hand  with  material  improvement? 

1 6.  What  new  organizations  of  labor  and  capital  seem  to  threaten  independence?    Pro- 
pose some  solutions  of  the  problem  of  true  democracy. 

17.  Above  and  beyond   the  strife  of  nations,  what  are  the  true  conquests  of  modern 
civilization? 

74 


Studies  in  Modern  History 

1.  Summarize  the  economic,  political,  and  scientific  revolutions  which  ushered  in  the 
Modern  Age. 

2.  Which  of  all  the  geographical  expeditions  of  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries 
most  enlightened  the  world  ?    Show  its  effect  upon  the  minds  of  men. 

3.  Show  how  the  discovery  of  a  new  world  was  to  serve  the  peoples  of  Europe  in  their 
struggle  for  religious  and  political  freedom. 

4.  By  what  expedition  did  England  establish  a  claim  to  the  New  World?    Account  for 
the  naming  of  America. 

5.  When  did  the  first  European  ship  reach  China? 

6.  Trace  the  most  important   mediaeval  trade  routes  and  show  how  new  discoveries 
improved  or  abolished  them. 

7.  When  and  by  whom  was  the  doctrine  that  the  sea  should  be  free  to  all  first  promul- 
gated ?    What  is  the  present  international  law  ? 

8.  Account  for  the  difference  in  popular  regard  of  an  alliance  with  the  Turkish  Sultan 
in  the  sixteenth  century  and  in  the  nineteenth. 

9.  What  improvements  did  the  Dutch  make  in  trading  methods? 

10.  Which  was  the  greater  conquest,  that  of  the  British  in  India  or  that  of  the  Spanish 
in  America  ?    Was  there  much  difference  in  the  methods  of  conquest  ? 

1 1 .  What  war  decided  whether  America  and  India  should  be  French  or  English  ? 

1 2 .  Speak  briefly  of  the  men  these  places  suggest :    Louisburg ;    Pennsylvania ;    Lake 
Champlain ;   Fort  Frontenac  ;   Pittsburg ;   Lake  George  ;  Cliveden  ;  Washington. 

13.  Why  does  the  Emperor  of  Austria  bear  the  title  "King  of  Jerusalem,"  and  the  King 
of  Spain  that  of  "  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  of  the  Western  and  Eastern  Indies  "  ? 

14.  Show  how  the   political  condition  of  the  various   European  states  influenced  the 
character  and  results  of  the  religious  revolution  in  each. 

15.  Explain  the  origin  of  St.  Paul's  School,  London ;  the  "  Blue  Laws  "  of  the  Puritans ; 
the  Book  of  Common  Prayer. 

1 6.  Give  some  account  of  the  work  of  Zwingli.    Has  the  shameful  traffic  in  soldiers 
which  he  denounced  yet  ceased  in  Switzerland  ? 

17.  Explain  why  the  Swiss  laws  are  promulgated  in  three  languages. 

1 8.  How  did  the  faith  of  the  nation  come  to  depend  upon  the  princes  in  Germany  and 
in  England  ? 

19.  Who  was  the  father  of  Puritanism  and  where  the  first  Puritan  congregation  ? 

20.  Who  objected  to  printed  books,  and  why  ? 

21.  Why  has  Erasmus  been  called  "  a  citizen  of  the  Christian  world  "  ? 

22.  How  did  America  benefit  by  King  James's  declaration,  "  I  shall  make  them  conform 
themselves  or  I  will  harry  them  out  of  the  land,  or  else  do  worse  "  ? 

23.  Explain  this  statement:  " The  murmuring  Parliament  of  Elizabeth  developed  into 
the  mutinous  Parliament  of  James  I  and  the  rebellious  Parliament  of  Charles  I." 

24.  Show  by  examples  how  often  liberty  has  been  indebted  to  bad  kings.    Is  it  true  that 
"  in  general,  a  stupid  king  or  an  insane  one  is  as  good  as  any  or  better  "  ? 

25.  Can  you  prove  from  your  knowledge  of  history  that,  as  Dean  Shaler  says,  "in  the 
long  run  the  people  are  right "  ? 


75 


Studies  in  Modern  History 

1.  "The  apostle  of  liberty  in  Europe,  she  has  exemplified  every  form  of  tyranny  known 
to  man.  .  .  .  We  see  her,  proud  to  frenzy  of  her  own  nationality,  take  for  her  idols 
a  German  and  an  Italian."    Explain  the  allusions. 

2.  What  sort  of  a  conquest  of  Europe  did  the  French  make  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury ?    Quote  interesting  lines  from  the  patent  establishing  the  Academy.    (RR2yi) 

3.  "The  most  characteristic  feature  in  the  government  of  the  eighteenth  century  was 
the  existence  and  work  of  the  enlightened  despots."    Name  several  of  these  despots 
and  show  good  as  well  as  evil  in  their  rule. 

4.  Compare  the  sight-seeing  of  Peter  the  Great  with  that  of  modern  princes. 

5 .  Is  the  history  of  Russia  under  women  rulers  an  honor  to  the  sex  ?    Compare  Cathe- 
rine the  Great  and  Queen  Victoria. 

6.  Judging  by  what  you  have  read,  can  absolute  power  be  safely  placed  in  the  hands  of 
one  person  ?    What  is  the  danger  in  an  absolute  hereditary  monarchy  ? 

7.  Why  was  the  French  Revolution  so  much  later  and  more  violent  than  the  English 
and  American  ?    Can  you  give  the  real  cause  in  four  words  or  even  in  one  ? 

8.  Why  might  Voltaire  well  say,  "I  have  accomplished  more  in  my  day  than  either 
Luther  or  Calvin  "  ?     Speak  of  the  work  of  some  of  his  contemporaries. 

9.  "In  the  French   Revolution   men  turned  from  the  New  Testament  to   Plutarch." 
Why? 

10.  Contrast  the  purging  of  Parliament  in  1648  and  of  the  National  Convention  in  1793. 

11.  What  did  Napoleon  say  of  his  civil  code  ?    What  .does  the  world  say  of  it? 

12.  "The  true  conquests,  the  only  conquests  which  cause  no  regrets,  are  those  achieved 
over  ignorance."    What  if  Napoleon  had  been  controlled  by  this,  his  own  sentiment  ? 
How  did  he  degrade  the  title  of  Emperor  forever  ? 

13.  Explain  why  Wellington  "had  to  thank  Blucher  for  Quatre-Bras,  and  Gneisenau  for 
Waterloo." 

14.  Show  how  and  why  the  ancient  and  modern  estimates  of  the  assassin  of  a  ruler 
differ. 

15.  Prove  by  historical  examples  that  states  are  most  dangerous  as  conquerors  during  or 
after  periods  of  civil  war.    Can  you  explain  why  ? 

1 6.  Prove  that  the  rise  of  Prussia  was  one  of  the  most  momentous  events  in  European 
history. 

17.  On  a  sketch  map  show  how  a  state  of  280,000  square  miles,  containing  12,000,000 
inhabitants,  was  wiped  off  the  map  of  Europe  by  force. 

1 8.  When  was  England  the  only  free  nation  in  the  world?    What  were  the  private  and 
public  rights  of  her  citizens  ?  (11389) 

19.  When  did  Great  Britain  come  into  existence  ?  the  British  Empire? 

20.  Make  a  list  of  the  greatest  benefactors  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

21.  In  what  striking  fashion  does  Professor  Myers  show  that  the  sixteenth  century  was 
but  a  prototype  of  the  nineteenth  ? 

22.  What  has  President  Eliot  declared  to  be  "  the  best -fruit  of  the  last  four  centuries  "  ? 
To  what  is  the  rapid  progress  of  the  world  in  these  centuries  most  largely  due  ? 


Chronology  of  the  Modern  Age 


ENGLAND 

FRANCE 

OTHER  STATES 

°9 

Henry  VIII 

X7 

Lutheran  Revolt 

19 

Charles  V 

21 

"  Defender  of  the  Faith" 

29 

The  Protestants 

34 

Act  of  Supremacy 

15 

58 

Elizabeth 

3 

Peace  of  Augsburg 
Philip  II 

59 

Act  of  Uniformity 

62 

Huguenot  War 

63 

Council  of  Trent 

67 

Alva  in  the  Netherlands 

72 

St.  Bartholomew's  Day 

84 

William  the  Silent  killed 

88 

The  Armada 

89 

Henry  IV 

98 

Edict  of  Nantes 

03 

James  I 

10 

Louis  XIII 

18 

Thirty  Years'  War 

20 

Pilgrims  at  Plymouth 

24 

Richelieu,  Minister 

28 

Petition  of  Right 

32 

Gustavus  Adolphus 

40 

Long  Parliament 

40 

The  Great  Elector 

43 

Louis  XIV 

16 

48 

Peace  of  Westphalia 

49 

Charles  I  executed 

53 

Cromwell,  Protector 

59 

Peace  of  the  Pyrenees 

60 

Restoration 

82 

Peter  the  Great 

85 

Revocation  of  Edict  of  Nantes 

88 

Revolution.    William  III 

88 

Elector  Frederick  III 

89 

Bill  of  Rights 

97 

Peace  of  Ryswick 

07 

Union  of  England  and  Scotland 

09 

Battle  of  Poltava 

I3 

Peace  of  Utrecht 

Frederick  William  I 

15 

Louis  XV 

40 

Frederick  the  Great 

56 

William  Pitt,  Minister 

48 

Peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle 

56 

Seven  Years'  War 

57 

Plassey 

63 

Peace  of  Paris 

72 

First  Partition  of  Poland 

17 

74 

Louis  XVI 

76 

American  Revolution 

83 

Independence  of  United  States 

86 

Russia  in  the  Crimea 
Frederick  William  II 

87 

Australia 

89 

States-General 

Fall  of  the  Bastille 

93 

Louis  XVI  executed 

93 

Second  Partition  of  Poland 

94 

Reign  of  Terror 

95 

Third  Partition  of  Poland 

99 

Bonaparte,  Consul 

03 

Louisiana  Purchase 

07 

Abolition  of  slave  trade 

04 

Napoleon,  Emperor 

07 

Peace  of  Tilsit 

13 

Battle  of  Leipzig 

.5 

Cape  Colony 

14 

15 

Napoleon  abdicates 
Waterloo 

21 

Congress  of  Vienna 
Revolt  of  the  Greeks 

3° 

July  Revolution 

32 

Reform  of  Parliament 

_ 

40 

Canada  self-governing 

48 

Fall  of  Louis  Philippe 

48 

Fall  of  Metternich 

52 

Napoleon  III 

18 

54 

Crimean  War 

57 

Sepoy  Mutiny 

59 

Italian  War 

61 
62 

Kingdom  of  Italy 
Bismarck,  Minister 

66 

Austro-  Prussian  War 

68 

Gladstone,  Prime  Minister 

7° 

Franco-  Prussian  War 

Third  Republic 

71 

William  I,  German  Emperor 

78 

Congress  of  Berlin 

80 

Scramble  for  Africa 

; 

82 

England  hi  -Egypt 

77 


Reading  List 


ANNOUNCEMENTS 


LEADBETTER'S 
OUTLINES  AND   STUDIES 

By  FLORENCE  E.  LEADBETTER 
Teacher  of  History  in  the  Roxbury  High  School,  Boston 


Outlines  and  Studies  to  Accompany  Myers's  "Ancient  History'1 
8vo,  boards,  146  pages,  with  16  pages  of  outline  maps,  40  cents. 

Outlines  and  Studies  to  Accompany  Myers's  "General  History' 
8vo,  boards,  144  pages,  with  16  pages  of  outline  maps,  40  cents. 

Outlines  and  Studies  to  Accompany  Myers's  "Mediaeval  and 

Modern  History" 
8vo,  boards,  162  pages,  with  16  pages  of  outline  maps,  40  cents. 


^  I  ^HESE  manuals  were  prepared  for  the  purpose  of  train- 
-*-  ing  high-school  students  of  history  to  work  independently 
and  with  a  definite  aim.  They  have  proved  of  great  practical 
value  to  teachers  who  wish  their  pupils  to  be  able  to  use  books 
intelligently  and  to  gain  power  of  expression. 

The  topical  outlines  follow  the  order  of  Myers's  histories, 
but  may  be  used  in  connection  with  any  textbook  covering 
the  same  periods.  They  help  the  student  to  think  logically 
and  to  appreciate  the  relations  of  cause  and  effect.  The 
"Studies"  open  up  trails  farther  afield  and  add  interest  to 
individual  study  and  class  discussion. 

The  outline  maps  added  since  the  first  edition  will  greatly 
increase  the  usefulness  of  the  series. 

107% 

GINN  AND   COMPANY  PUBLISHERS 


i 


READINGS    IN    EUROPEAN 
HISTORY 

By  JAMES  HARVEY  ROBINSON,  Professor  of  History  in  Columbia 

University.    Designed  to  supplement  his  "  Introduction 

to  the  History  of  Western  Europe  " 


VOLUME  I.     I2mo,    cloth,    551    pages,    $1.50 
VOLUME  II.    I2mo,  cloth,   xxxii  +  629   pages, 

$1-50 
ABRIDGED  EDITION,    izrno,  cloth,  xxxiv  + 

573 


IT  is  now  generally  recognized  among  teachers  of  history  that 
the  text-book  should  be  supplemented  by  collateral  reading. 
Professor  Robinson's  "  Readings "  will  supply  a  need  that 
has  long  been  felt  by  those  dealing  with  the  general  history  of 
Europe.  For  each  chapter  of  his  text  he  furnishes  from  twenty 
to  thirty  pages  of  extracts,  mainly  from  vivid,  first-hand  accounts 
of  the  persons,  events,  and  institutions  discussed  in  his  manual. 
In  this  way  the  statements  in  the  text-book  may  be  amplified  and 
given  added  interest  and  vividness.  He  has  drawn  upon  the 
greatest  variety  of  material,  much  of  which  has  never  before 
found  its  way  into  English. 

The  extensive  and  carefully  classified  bibliographies  which 
accompany  each  chapter  embody  the  results  of  careful  criticism 
and  selection.  They  are  carefully  arranged  to  meet  the  needs  of 
students  of  all  grades,  from  the  high-school  pupil  to  one  engaged 
in  advanced  graduate  work. 

Volume  I  corresponds  to  Chapters  I-XXII  of  the  author's 
"  History  of  Western  Europe,"  and  closes  with  an  account  of  the 
Italian  cities  during  the  Renaissance.  Volume  II  begins  with 
Europe  at  the  opening  of  the  sixteenth  century.  The  Abridged 
Edition  is  intended  especially  for  high  schools. 


GINN  &  COMPANY  PUBLISHERS 


DEC  17  1&47 

1.0Niav49A.R 


LD  21 


_l0Om-9,'47(A5702Sl6)476 


36986  - 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


'" 


